Compression stockings are special socks designed to help prevent the occurrence, and prevent further development, venous disorders such as edema, phlebitis and thrombosis. Compression stockings are elastic clothing worn around the legs, pressing the extremities. This reduces the diameter of the enlarged blood vessels and increases the venous flow rate and valve effectiveness. Compression therapy helps lower venous pressure, prevents venous stasis and venous wall disruption, and reduces severe legs and pain.
Knee-level compression stockings are used not only to help improve circulation, but also to help prevent the formation of blood clots in the lower legs. They also assist in the treatment of ulcers in the lower limbs.
Unlike traditional dress or athletic stockings and socks, compression stockings use stronger elastics to create significant pressure on the feet, ankles and feet. The tightest compression stockings at the ankle and gradually become less constrictive to the knees and thighs. By compressing the surface veins, arteries and muscles, they force the blood circulation through a narrower channel. As a result, arterial pressure increases, which causes more blood to return to the heart and less blood flowing in the legs.
There are two types of compression stockings, gradients and anti-emboli.
Video Compression stockings
Medical use
Treatment is usually prescribed by a doctor to relieve all the manifestations of chronic venous disease and prevent venous problems. Compression stockings are recommended under the following conditions:
Tired, sore feet
Tired, leg pain occurs when blood flow slows down in the leg (may be an indicator of deep vein thrombosis).
Edema
Edema is a condition in which opposing forces occurring in small blood vessels and capillaries cause clean ultrafiltration of plasma water into soft tissues.
Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic peripheral venous insufficiency is when the veins can not pump deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Varicose
Varicose veins are swollen and swollen veins that can be widespread and can cause painful venous inflammation. Once developed, they will not disappear by themselves. The formation of varicose veins is a sign of visible weakness of the veins externally. Spider veins (light varicose veins)
Spider veins are the smallest blood vessels that glisten bluish or reddish in the skin.
deep vein thrombosis
Deep venous thrombosis occurs when blood flow decreases (especially in the lower extremities), causing blood to pool in the legs and causing the formation of a blood clot (thrombus). The evidence shows no benefit at the level of post-thrombotic syndrome after DVT. Compression stockings are useful in reducing asymptomatic deep-vein thrombosis among airplane passengers for 7 hours or more.
Venous thromboembolism
Pharmacology (warfarin, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin) and mechanical action (stratified compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression devices, and venous foot pumps) are used to prevent the venous thromboembolism (VTE) in clinical practice. For cases where the risk of high bleeding and pharmacological measures is contraindicated, the use of mechanical prophylaxis is recommended. Graduated compression stockings can effectively prevent VTE in inpatients by applying different pressure on the foot. Meta-analysis of general surgical patients revealed that stratified compression stockings lowered their risk of developing VTE by 68% compared with placebo. Nineteen randomized controlled trials analyzed the effectiveness of self-grade compression stockings or with additional prophylaxis in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis. The trial included 1681 patients after general surgery, orthopedic surgery, and medical patients. They concluded that effective compression stockings were effective in the prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis in post-surgical patients. Combining gradual compression stockings with other mechanical and pharmacological actions can increase the effectiveness of VTE prophylaxis by up to 60%. However, another study conducted in France involved 407 ICU patients and showed no difference in the effectiveness of VTE prevention for patients who used compression stockings alone or in combination with intermittent pneumatic devices.
Lymphedema
Lymphoedema occurs when the body part swells due to the accumulation of abnormal lymph nodes, occurring when there is interference with the normal fluid of lymph fluid back into the blood, usually swelling of the arms, legs, neck or abdomen.
Phlebitis
Phlebitis is a term used when inflammation and clotting occurs in the blood vessels, most often the leg veins, due to infection, inflammation, or trauma. People with varicose veins are more commonly affected. Inflammation occurs suddenly, causing the thrombus to stick strongly to the blood vessel wall and at risk of clogging the superficial veins.
Economy class syndrome (ECS)
ECS occurs on long flights, due to inactivity of travelers, gravity, and narrow seating, and slows the flow of blood through the blood vessels.
Lipodermatosclerosis
Lipodermatosclerosis is a term used to refer to subcutaneous fatty inflammation, a form of panniculitis.
Pregnancy
Hormones released during pregnancy and widespread uterus (pressure on the inferior vena cava - the main vein that returns blood to the heart) can affect the veins of the foot.
The use of elastic compression stockings can reduce the volumetric variation during standing hours. The use of stockings for the whole day is more effective than just half a day or not using compression stockings at all. Many physicians and vein specialists recommend wearing compression stockings after stripping of varicose veins, but studies show that wearing elastic compression stockings has no additional benefit after elastic bandage application for three days in postoperative care after stripping of large saphenous veins as assessed by controlling extremities, edema, pain, complications and back to work.
Maps Compression stockings
Contraindications
Caution should be used in those with advanced peripheral obstructive arterial disease, heart failure, septic phlebitis, oozing dermatitis and advanced peripheral neuropathy with respect to the use of compression stockings.
Procedures
In a clinical setting the application of antiemboli stockings is performed by doctors, nurses and other trained personnel. First the right stocking size is determined by measuring the foot. Aseptic technique is not required unless the skin is open. The person is placed in a supine position in bed for fifteen minutes before measuring for fit. This allows the return of vein and stability before measuring.
Stockings are best used when awake before the person gets out of bed, has been sitting or standing and before venous stasis or edema has a chance to develop.
Fit is very important for the effect of compression stocking therapy. A study enrolled in the American Journal of Nursing in August 2008 showed that underestimated stocking compression was just under 30% of the cases studied. It was found that additional education is needed not only for patients, but also for medical staff.
Gradient
This stocking is designed to improve the performance disruption of "muscular pumps" caused by incompetent leg vein valves. They are woven in such a way that the highest level of compression is around the ankle and reduces to the top of the hose.
Doctors will usually recommend these stockings for those prone to blood clotting, lower extremity edema, and blood pooling in the legs and feet from long periods of sitting or inactivity. They are also often used to treat complications caused by diabetes, lymphedema, thrombosis, cellulitis, and other conditions.
They are used by outpatients in many cases, helping calf muscles to perform their pumping action more efficiently to return blood to the heart. In some cases, they are worn by those who have an increased risk of circulatory problems, such as diabetics, whose legs are prone to excessive swelling. A common indicator for such stocking recipes is chronic peripheral venous insufficiency, caused by incompetent perforator veins. Low pressure compression stockings are available without a prescription in most countries, and can be purchased at pharmacies or medical equipment stores. Stockings with a higher pressure gradient, say, above 25-30 mmHg, may require a prescription from a doctor.
There are several important warning steps to take before using compression stockings:
- The patient's ankle ankle pressure index (ABPI) should be & gt; 1.0 per foot to wear compression stockings, otherwise stockings may block the flow of the patient's arteries. The ABI shows how obstructed the artery of the patient's legs and arms. Any competent physician or nurse can measure and calculate the ABI of the patient.
- It's important that the compression stockings are the right size. Compression should gradually be reduced from the highest compression to the smallest part of the ankle, to a pressure reduction of 70% just below the knee.
Doctors and vascular nurses can use special pads to ensure uniform pressure is higher around the ankle circumference (to smooth the irregularly cross-sectional profile.) Self-prescription is quite safe with the assumption that the compression gradient is 15-20 mmHg, ABI for both legs) is & gt; 1.0 and that the stockings fit properly. Gradient stockings of "Company" (20-30 mmHg and 30-40 mmHg) are generally only imposed on medical advice.
Although current research reported mixed compression socks results on athletic performance, there is anecdotal evidence from athletes that they can benefit from the stockings.
Knee high versus thigh-high
The stratified compression stockings (gradient, graded) and anti-emboli compression stockings come as high as knee and thigh-height. A systematic review by Sajid et al. was performed to compare knee-high and thigh compression stockings in terms of prevention of deep vein thrombosis in medical and surgical patients. This review reveals that there is a 6% risk of venous thrombosis in wearing knee-high stockings and 4% when wearing thigh-high stockings. This concludes that there is no significant difference in the length of compression stockings when used for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. It is recommended that knee-high knee compression should be the first choice for prevention of deep vein surgery in medical and surgical patients. Knee-high stockings are more comfortable, easier to apply, and use them to improve patient compliance with treatment. Knee-high stockings are easier to measure for limb measurements than thigh-high compression stockings. High thigh compression stockings can create tourniquet effects and cause local restrictions when rolled. Studies of patients treated for post-thrombotic syndrome, conducted in Italy, revealed that skin redness and itching were reported in 41% of patients with high thighs and 27% in patients on knee-high knee compression stockings. As a result, 22% of high-thigh users and 14% of knee-high users stopped treatment.
Compression class
Compression stockings are built using elastic or rubber fibers. These fibers help suppress the extremities, assist in circulation.
Compression stockings are offered in varying levels of compression. The unit of measure used to classify the stocking pressure is mmHg. They are often sold in various pressure ranges. Over-the-counter support is available in 10-15 or 15-20 mmHg.
High pressure stockings require recipes and trained builders. This higher pressure ranges from 20-30 mmHg to 50 mmHg.
Other pressure levels used by manufacturers for specialty knit products in the US and Europe range from 18-21 mmHg to & gt; 50mmHg.
History
The use of compression therapy is not new. At the beginning of the Neolithic period (5000-2500 BC), the image of the warriors with the bandaged lower extremities was found in the pictures of the Tassili caves in the Sahara. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, dated around 1600 BC, includes additional evidence of mechanical compression therapy for the feet. Hippocrates treats his patient's feet with tight bandages, described in his book Corpus Hippocraticum (450-350 BC). Galen (130-200 CE) uses wool and linen compression bandages to prevent blood from pooling in the legs and Oribassius (324 CE) is used to treat foot ulcers with tight bandages.
During the Middle Ages, the main use of foot compression bandages was mainly for therapy. This is evidenced by the work of Avicenna (980-1037); Giovanni Michele Savonarola (1384-1468); Ambroise ParÃÆ'Â © (1510-1590); Girolamo Fabrizio di Acquapendente (1537-1619); and other scientists. Guy de Chauliac in his book Chirurgica Magna describes the use of compression bandages to treat enlarged veins. Giovanni Michele Savonarola also treats varicose veins with the help of foot bandages and explains the proper application in his work Exercise . In 1628, William Harvey discovered the relationship between venous stasis and external pressure. Following the discovery, various compression steps were introduced for therapy: stemmed stockings, elastic bands, and tight bandages with resin. Then, new textile materials began to be used for the production of compression stockings: natural fibers or cellulose (silk, cotton, coconut) and chemicals (acrylic, nylon, polyester). It was not until the late 19th century, after Fisher and Lasker, the German phlebologists, found that the application of external pressure helped to treat blood clots in the lower extremities, that compression stockings began to be used for the treatment of deep veins. thrombosis.
Society and culture
Commonly used terms
- Anti-embolism - Used by non-outpatient or post-surgical patients to help prevent blood collection in the legs that can cause venous thrombosis.
- Custom - Created for specific individuals.
- Spiral knitting - Seamless stockings that offer greater aesthetic appeal.
- Knit flat - Stitching stockings that can be constructed in almost any shape or size. Most commonly used in higher compression classes.
- Silver - Stockings built using special silver textile fibers. Silver offers natural anti-microbial protection.
- Lymphedema - The stockings used to manage edema due to the onset of lymphedema.
- Support - Lightweight compression stockings are sold freely and without a doctor's prescription.
This stocking is usually referred to as TED hose, short for t hrombo e mbolism- d hose etherrent. They are used to support venous drainage and lymphatic foot.
Economy stroke syndrome
There is a possible connection between the common physical defect in the heart and the potentially lethal stroke that can occur during long plane flights. Connections, called "economic-grade stroke syndrome," have been reported in healthy young travelers who suffer an ischemic stroke during or shortly after long air travel. Prolonged sitting associated with air travel is known to be the cause of clots in the legs. More than 30 percent of the population is thought to have a patent foramen ovale (PFO), a general condition in which small holes are between the right and left sides of the heart. PFO rarely leads to poor medical conditions and can be determined only through specific diagnostic tests such as echocardiogram.
Style
- Knee high (AD)
- Thigh-high (AG)
- Pantyhose (AT)
- Pantyhose maternity
- Waist attachment/CHAPS
See also
- Diabetic socks, which prevent compression
- Sports compression, which condenses to help the athlete
- Military anti-shock trousers
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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