ski is a narrow strip of semi-rigid material worn under the feet to slide over the snow. Substantially longer than the width and characteristically used in pairs, ski boots are attached to ski boots with ski bindings, with free heels, locked, or partially secured. To climb the slopes, ski skin (originally made of seal fur, but now made of synthetic material) can be attached at the base of the skis.
Originally intended as an aid to travel on the snow, they are now mainly used in recreation in skiing.
Video Ski
Etymology and usage
The word ski comes from the Old Norse word "skÃÆ'ÃÆ' Â °" which means wooden stick or ski.
In Norway this word is usually pronounced ['? I:] . In Sweden, other languages ​​evolved from Old Norse, the word "skidor" (pl.).
English and French use the original spelling "ski", and modify the pronunciation. Prior to 1920, English usage of "skee" and "snow shoes" was often seen. In Italian, it is pronounced as in Norwegian, and its spelling is changed: "sci". Portuguese, German, and Spanish adjust the word to their linguistic rules: esqui , Schier (a German plural of Ski ) and esquÃÆ' . In the Netherlands, the word "ski" and pronunciation initially ['? I:] as in Norwegian, but since about 1960s it changed into ['ski:] . Many languages ​​make up the noun verbs, such as "skiing" in English, "skiers" in French, "esquiar" in Spanish, "sciare" in Italian, "skiÃÆ'« n "in Dutch, "esquiar" in Portuguese or "schilaufen" (as above also Ski laufen or Ski fahren) in German.
Finnish has its own ancient words for skiing and skiing. In Finnish skiing is suksi and skiing is hiihtÃÆ'¤ÃÆ'¤ . Sami also has his own words for skiing and skiing. For example, says Lule Sami for skiing is "sabek" and skiing is "sabega". Sami uses "cuoigat" for the verb "to ski". This term can date back to 10,000 years before now.
Maps Ski
History
The oldest wooden skis are found to be in what is now Russia (c 6300-5000 BC), Sweden (about 5200 BC) and Norway (about 3200 BC).
Nordic ski technology was adapted at the beginning of the 20th century to allow skiers to spin at higher speeds. The new design of skiing and ski binding, coupled with the introduction of ski lifts to bring skiers to the slopes, allows the development of alpine skiing. Meanwhile, technological advancements in the Nordic camp enabled the development of special skis for skating and ski jumps.
Asymmetric skis
This type of skiing was least used in northern Finland and Sweden until the 1930s. With one leg, the skier uses a long, straight, curved, non-curved skier to slide, and on the other side there is a short ski to kick. The bottom of the short ski is either plain or covered with animal skins to aid this use, while the long skis supporting the skier's weight is treated with animal fat in a manner similar to modern waxing skiing. The earliest recordings of this type of ski survive in the works of Olaus Magnus. He associates them with the Sami people and names Sami savek and golos for short, plain skulls.
The Finnish name for this is lyly and kalhu for long and short skis.
One long ski
Seal hunters in the Gulf of Bothnia have developed a special long ski to sneak into firing range into the seals' breathing holes, although the skis are useful in moving on a generally packed ice and are specially made in length, 3-4 meters, to protect from cracks in ice. This is called skredstÃÆ' ¥ ng in Sweden.
modern skiing
Around the year 1850, artisans in Telemark, Norway, discovered a curved ski. This ski is curved in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the weight of the skier more evenly throughout the skiing. The previous board-style ski board should be thick enough not to bend down and drown in the snow under the weight of the skier. The new design makes it possible to build thinner and lighter, more easily folded skis to absorb shocks, and maneuver and run faster and easier. The design also includes a sidecut that narrows the skis underfoot while the tip and tail stay wider. This allows the skis to flex and spin easier.
Skiing is traditionally carved by hand from a piece of hardwood such as Hickory, Birch or Ash. This wood is used because of its density and its ability to handle the speed and shock resistance factors associated with ski racing. Due to the dwindling European forests, the ability to find quality wooden boards becomes difficult, leading to the discovery of laminated skiing. Beginning in 1891, skimakers in Norway began to coat two or more layers of wood together to make the lighter cross-country ski runs. It evolved into a high-performance multi-laminated mid-1930s ski.
Ski laminate is a ski that consists of two types of glued wood. The top layer of softwood was glued to a thin layer beneath the hardwood surface. This combination really creates skis that are much lighter and more maneuverable than the heavy wooden skis that precede them. Though lighter and stronger, laminate skiing is not well used. Water-soluble glue used at the time of failure; warping and splitting along the edges of glue (delaminating) are frequent and rapid. In 1922, a Norwegian skier, Thorbjorn Nordby, developed a strong, waterproof glue that stopped the problem solving, thereby developing a tighter laminate ski. Research and design of laminated skiing is rapidly evolving. In 1933, a new design technology was introduced involving an outer hardwood bark that completely encloses a lighter inner layer of wood, successfully removing spontaneously split glue lines. This initial design eventually evolved into an advanced laminating technique called today as the single-shell shell technology.
In 1950, Howard Head introduced the Standard Head, which was built with aluminum alloy floats around the plywood core. The designs include steel edges (created in 1928 in Austria,) and the outer surface is made of phenol formaldehyde resins that can withstand wax. This highly successful skiing unique at the time, has been designed for the recreational market rather than for racing. 1962: fiberglass ski, Kneissl's White Star, used by Karl Schranz to win two gold medals at the Alpine FIS World Ski Championship. In the late '60s most fiberglass replaces aluminum.
In 1974, Magne Myrmo became the last world champion (Falun, 15 km cross country) using wooden skiing.
In 1975, the design of a patented ski-box ski construction. Patents are referred by KÃÆ'¤stle, Salomon, Rottefella, and Madshus. In 1993 Elan introduced Elan SCX. Ski with tip and tail wider than waist. When it tilts to its end, they bend into a curved shape and carve out a turn. Cross-country techniques use different round styles; creep is not so important, and skiing has a bit of a sidecut. Over the years, alpine skis are formed similar to cross-country, only shorter and wider, but Elan SCX introduces radial sidecut design that dramatically improves performance. Other companies quickly followed, and realized in retrospect that "" It turned out that everything we thought we knew for forty years was wrong, "I admitted an Austrian ski designer." Line Skis inspired the first free ski skiing company to inspire the movement of freeskiing newschooling with their twin tip skis in 1995. The first company to successfully market and mass-produce Twin-tip ski skis is Salomon Group, with 1080 skis they were in 1998.
Geometry
Described in the direction of travel, the front of the ski, usually tapered or round, is the tip, the middle is the waist and the back is the tail. Skiing has four aspects that define their basic performance: length, width, sidecut and camber. Skiing also differs in a smaller way to tackle the role of a particular niche. For example,
Construction
Skiing has evolved from being built from solid wood to using a variety of materials including carbon-Kevlar to make skiing stronger, tougher torsional, lighter, and more durable. Skiing techniques allow skiing to be made in one or a combination of three designs:
Laminate or sandwich
Ski laminate is built in layers. Materials such as fiberglass, steel, aluminum alloy, or plastic are plated and compressed above and below the core. Laminate construction is the most widely used manufacturing process in the ski industry today. The first successful ski lamination, and arguably the first modern skier was the Head Standard, introduced in 1950, which floats aluminum alloys around the plywood core.
Torque box
The Dynamic VR7 introduces a new construction method in which smaller wooden cores are wrapped in wet fiberglass, as opposed to pre-dried sheets of fiberglass attached to the core (essentially replacing metal sheets). The result is a twist, which makes skiing much stronger. VR7, and the more famous VR16, is the first fiberglass ski that can be used for male racing, and quickly takes over the market. Over time, materials for the core and twist boxes changed, with wood, various plastic foams, fiberglass, carbon fiber kevlar and all used in different designs. Torque box designs continue to dominate the cross-country ski design, but are less common for alpine and ski tours.
Monocoque or cap
During the 1980s, Bucky Kashiwa developed a new construction technique using stainless steel sheets that form three sides of the torso over the wood core, with the bottom of the ski base forming. Introduced in 1989, Volant's skiing proved costly to produce, and despite many positive reviews, the company has never become profitable. In 1990, Salomon S9000 took the same basic concept but replaced steel with plastic, resulting in a design they call "monocoque". Now referred to as the "ski cap design", this concept eliminates the need to wrap the core and replace it with a much cheaper one-step process to produce. Construction of a ski cap dominates the construction of alpine skiing today.
Historical
Classic wooden skis consists of a suitable long piece of wood that is hand carved to produce the desired shape. The initial design is generally rectangular in a cross section, with an upward curved end through the application of steam. Over time, the design changes, and skis down to the sides, or displays protruding bulge in the center.
Famous manufacturers
- K2 is a major skiing company in the US. In 1961 they were one of the first companies to start producing and distributing fiberglass skiing. Today K2 is especially famous for its wide variety of torsion-box ski designs. They sponsor several professional skiers and ski teams.
- Rossignol is a French company founded in 1907. Rossignol introduced its first fiberglass skiing in 1964. Today the company offers a wide variety of ski designs and generates over 500,000 pairs of skis per year. Rossignol also produces boots, bindings, and poles.
- Elan is a Slovenian company, located in Begunje, famous in skiing to create a ski-shaped, also called parabolic skis that make carved turns possible at low speeds and with short-round radius.
Type
In ski history, many types of skis have been developed, designed for different needs, the following are options.
Alpine
The ski design has grown immensely since the beginning of modern sports in Norway mid-19th century. Modern skis usually have steel edges, camber, side pieces, and camber may be reversed. During cutting the 1990s side becomes clearer to make it easier to carve out turns. Alpine skiing usually has fixed-heel bindings. Special types of alpine skiing exist for specific uses, including twin-tip skiing for free-style skiing, alpine skiing, and monoski skiing.
Nordic
In Nordic skiing, skiers do not rely on ski lifts to climb hills, so skiing and boots tend to be lighter, with free heels to make walking easier. Nordic ski equipment style includes:
- Cross-country skiing is light and narrow, with little movement. Three popular binding systems: Rottefella NNN, SNS Solomon profile, and SNS pilot. The ski base is waxed to reduce friction during forward motion, and kick candlesticks can also be applied to the handle. Some models without candles have a pattern at the bottom to avoid the need for waxing grips for classical techniques.
- Ski skating is shorter than classic skiing and does not require candle hold. Skating techniques are used in biathlon.
- Ski jumping skis length and width.
- Roller ski has wheels for use on dry sidewalks, without snow.
See also
- Monoski
- Snowboard
- Whiteboard
- Skava
- Snurfer
- Noboard
- Separator
- Water skiing
References
External links
- Ski physics.
- Tolerance of FIS equipment.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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