The Western is a variety of art genres that tell tales set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in Old West America, often centering on the life of a nomadic cowboy or gunner armed with revolvers and rifle-riding guns. Cowboys and gunslingers usually wear Stetson hats, bandanas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, hunters, criminals, soldiers (especially horsemen), settlers, both farmers and ranchers, and townspeople.
Westerners often emphasize the harshness of the wilderness and often organize actions in the arid and barren desert landscape and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting "... mythical vision of the plains and deserts of West America". Special arrangements include farms, small frontier towns, saloons, trains and an isolated military fort from the Wild West.
Common plots include:
- Construction of a rail or telegraph line at the wild border.
- Farmers protect their family farm from rustlers or large landowners or who build royalty farms.
- Stories of revenge, which depend on the pursuit and pursuit of someone who has been harmed.
- The story of a Native American cavalry battle.
- Scheme of crime gangs.
- The story of a lawyer or a chaser tracks his quarry.
Many Westerners use stock plots that portray crime, then show the pursuit of the perpetrator, ending in revenge and retaliation, which is often shared through firefights or quick draw duel.
The West is Hollywood's most popular genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s. Western films were first attended in the 1930s. The famous John Ford's
Video Western (genre)
Tema
The West genre sometimes portrays the conquest of wilderness and the subordination of nature in the name of civilization or the seizure of the original territorial rights, Native Americans, inhabitants of the border. The Western describes a society governed around personal, direct or personal privacy codes and judges - "border justice" - caused by firefights. This honor code is often played through depictions of hostility or individuals seeking personal retaliation or retaliation against someone who has persecuted them (eg, True Grit has retribution and retribution as its main theme). This portrayal of private Western justice contrasts sharply with the judicial system organized around the abstract rationalist laws that exist in the cities, where the social order is maintained primarily through relatively impersonal institutions such as the courtroom. Popular perception of the West is a story centered on the life of a semi-nomadic traveler, usually a cowboy or a gunner. A mid-day battle or duel featuring two or more shooters is a stereotyped scene in Western popular concepts.
In some ways, such protagonists can be considered the descendants of the guilty warrior literature that stands in the midst of previous wide genres such as Roman Arthurian. Like a Western cowboy or shooter, a knight deviating from previous European stories and poems roamed from place to place on his horse, fighting criminals of all kinds and bound to no fixed social structure but only for his own code of honor. And like a deviant knight, the Western heroes often rescue the damsels in trouble. Similarly, Western nomadic protagonists share many characteristics with ronin in modern Japanese culture.
Westerners usually take these elements and use them to tell simple tales of morality, although some important examples (eg, the West of John Ford or Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, about the old assassins) are morally over ambiguous. Westerners often emphasize the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and often organize actions in arid and barren landscapes. Special arrangements include isolated castles, farms and guesthouses; Native American villages; or a small border town with its saloon, a general store, stable stable stables and a jail and an open desert, where there are no buildings and only windswept dunes. Regardless of the wilderness, it is usually a saloon that emphasizes that this is Wild West: it is the place to go for music (playing hoarse pianos), women (often prostitutes), gambling (drawing poker or five card stud), drinking (beer or whiskey) , fight and shoot. In some Western countries, where civilization has arrived, the city has churches, public shops, banks and schools; elsewhere, where the border rule is still in control, as Sergio Leone says, "where life has no value".
Maps Western (genre)
Movies
Characteristics
The American Film Institute defines Western films as "installed in the West America that [manifest] the spirit, the struggle and the collapse of new frontiers." The term Western , used to describe the narrative film genre, appears to have originated from an article in July 1912 in Motion Picture World magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films are part of Western popular fiction of the 19th century and strongly existed before the film became a popular art form. Western films typically feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and hunters, often portrayed as semi-nomadic travelers wearing Stetson hats, bandanas, spurs and deerskin, using revolvers or rifles as a means of daily survival - and as a tool to resolve disputes using "fairness frontier". Protagonist figures rise among dusty towns and cattle ranch on their trusted mounts.
Western films were popular in the era of silent films (1894-1927). With the emergence of sounds in 1927-28, major Hollywood studios quickly left the West, leaving the genre to studio and smaller producers. These small organizations churned out countless low budget features and series in the 1930s. In the late 1930s, Western films were widely regarded as the "mush" genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by the production of large studios like Dodge City, starring Errol Flynn, > Jesse James with Tyrone Power, Union Pacific with Joel McCrea, Destry Rides Again featuring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich, and the release of West Ford landmark adventure John Ford > Stagecoach , which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through the Union of Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne the star of the main screen after a decade underlining the B western. Wayne had been introduced to the screen ten years earlier as a prominent person on the big screen director Raoul Walsh The Big Trail , which failed at the box office, partly because of the inability of exhibitors to switch to the big screen during the depression. After the renewed Western commercial success of the late 1930s, the popularity of the West continued to rise to its peak in the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced more than all other genres combined.
Western films often portray conflict with Native Americans. While the early Western Eurocentris often portrayed "Injun" as a dishonorable criminal, a more neutral and culturally Westerner gave native Americans a more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring Western themes include Western travel (eg The Big Trail) or dangerous journeys (eg
Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, just like other early Hollywood films, but when shooting became more common than the 1930s, Western manufacturers used remote corners of Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico , Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, or Wyoming. This arrangement gives filmmakers the ability to describe vast plains, towering mountains and epic canyons. Production was also filmed on site at the film farm.
Often, the vast landscape becomes more than just a clear background; it becomes a character in the movie. After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats like Cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used an expanded screen width to display a spectacular Western landscape. The use of Valley Monument by John Ford as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach (1939) to Cheyenne Autumn (1965) "presents a mystical vision of the plains and deserts of West America, manifested the most memorable in the Monument Valley, with buttes and mesas towering above people on horses, whether they become settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans. "
Subgenre
Writer and screenwriter Frank Gruber describes seven plots for Western:
- Union Pacific story . The plot concerns the construction of railroads, telegraph lines, or some other type of modern technology or transportation. Train wagon stories fall into this category.
- Story farms . The plot deals with threats to farms from rustlers or large landowners trying to force out the right owners.
- Story of the Empire . This plot involves the construction of a royal empire or oil empire from scratch, the classical plot for wealth.
- Story of revenge . This plot often involves complicated pursuits and searches by harmed individuals, but may also include elements of a classic mystery story.
- Cavalry and Indian Stories . The plot revolves around "taming" the desert for white settlers.
- The criminal story . The gang of criminals dominates the action.
- Marshal Story . Lawman and his challenge pushed the plot.
Gruber says that good writers use dialogue and plot development to develop these basic plots into reliable stories. Other subgenres include:
- Spaghetti Western.
- Western epic
- sing western cowboy
- some western comedies like:
- With Came Jones (1945), where Gary Cooper falsified his western persona
- The Sheepman (1958), with Glenn Ford making fun of himself
- Cat Ballou (1965), with Lee Marvin drunk on a drunken horse.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the West was recreated with a Western revisionist.
Western Classics
The Great Train Robbery (1903), Edwin S. Porter's movie starring Broncho Billy Anderson, is often referred to as the first Westerner, although George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that "the Edison company has played with Western material for several years before The Great Train Robbery. "Nevertheless, they agree that Porter's film" sets the pattern - crime, pursuit, and retribution - for Western movies as a genre. "The popularity of the film opening the door for Anderson to become the first cowboy star of the screen; he made several hundred shorts of Western movies. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart.
The Golden Age of the Western is represented by the works of several directors, most prominent among them, John Ford ( My Darling Clementine , Horse Army , Seekers ). Others include: Howard Hawks ( Red River , Rio Bravo ), Anthony Mann ( Western Man , Man from Laramie >), Budd Boetticher ( Seven Men from Now ), Delmer Daves ( Hanging Tree , 3:10 to Yuma ), John Sturges (< i> The Magnificent Seven , Last Train from Gun Hill ), and Robert Aldrich ( Vera Cruz , Ulzana's Raid ).
Acid Western
Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum refers to the genre of the 1960s and 1970s called Acid Western, which is associated with Dennis Hopper, Jim McBride, and Rudy Wurlitzer, as well as films such as Monte Hellman The Shooting 1966), Alejandro The strange experimental film Jodorowsky El Topo (The Mole) (1970), and Robert Downey Sr. Greaser's Palace (1972). The 1970s film El Topo is a Western sect movie and an allegorical underground about the eponymous character, a violent black shooter, and his quest for enlightenment. The film is full of strange characters and events, the use of awkward and dwarf players, and heavy doses of Christian symbolism and Eastern philosophy. Some Western Spaghetti also cross into the Western genre of Acid, such as the mystique Enzo G. Castellari Keoma (1976), Ingmar Bergman's metaphysical Western rework The Seventh Seal (1957)).
Recently Acid Western included the movie Alex Cox Walker (1987) and Jim Jarmusch's Dead Man (1995). Rosenbaum describes Acid Western as "formulating a terrible and fierce poem to justify the hallucinatory agenda"; Finally, he said, Acid Western expressed a counter-cultural sensibility to criticize and replace capitalism with alternative forms of exchange.
Charro, Cabrito, or Chile Westerns
Charro Western, often featuring musical and action stars, has been a standard feature of Mexican cinema since the 1930s. In the 1930s and 1940s, this was usually a movie about horsemen in rural Mexico, showing a set of cultural concerns that were very different from Hollywood's meta-narration, but the overlap between the 'charro' and western films became more pronounced in the 1950s and 1960s..
Western Comedy
This subgenre mimics the style of making fun of, commenting on, or underestimating the characteristics, subjects, auteur styles, or other targets of the Western genre, or other targets by humorous, satirical, or imitation or ironic parody. Examples include The Paleface (1948), Carry On Cowboy (1965), Cat Ballou (1965), The Hallelujah Trail The Scalphunters (1968), Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969), Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971), Blazing Saddles (1974), Rustlers' Rhapsody (1985) Three Amigos (1986), Maverick (1994), Quick Lottery (2013) and A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014).
Contemporary Western
Also known as Neo-West, these films have contemporary US settings, and they use the themes and motifs of Old West (anti-hero rebels, open plains and desert landscapes, and firefights). For the most part, they are still in progress in the West America and reveal the development of Old West mentality to the end of the 20th and early 20th century. This subgenre often features Old West-type characters who struggle with displacement in a "civilized" world that rejects their outdated brand of justice.
Contohnya termasuk John Sturges's Bad Day at Black Rock (1955); Lonely Are the Brave , skenario oleh Dalton Trumbo (1962), Hud , dibintangi oleh Paul Newman (1963); Robert Altman McCabe & amp; Ny. Miller (1971); The Getaway (1972); Junior Bonner (1972); Bawa Aku Kepala Alfredo Garcia (1974); Hearts of West dibintangi Jeff Bridges (1975); Alan J. Pakula's Comes a Horseman (1978); J. W. Coop , disutradarai/ditulis oleh dan dibintangi oleh Cliff Robertson; Robert RodrÃÆ'guez's El Mariachi (1992) dan Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003); John Sayles's Lone Star (1996); Tommy Lee Jones Tiga Pemakaman Melquiades Estrada (2005); Ang Lee Brokeback Mountain (2005); Wim Wenders's Don't Come Knocking (2005); Joel dan Ethan Coen No Country for Old Men (2007); Dibenarkan (2010-2015); Neraka atau Air Tinggi (2016); Wind River (2017); dan film superhero Logan (2017). Panggilan Juarez: The Cartel adalah contoh dari gim video Neo-Barat. Serupa dengan itu, serial televisi Breaking Bad , yang terjadi di zaman modern, menampilkan banyak contoh arketipe Barat. Menurut pencipta Vince Gilligan, "Setelah episode pertama Breaking Bad , saya mulai sadar bahwa kami bisa membuat western kontemporer. Jadi Anda melihat adegan-adegan yang seperti tembak-menembak, seperti Clint Eastwood dan Lee Van Cleef - kami memiliki Walt dan yang lain seperti itu. "
The precursor to this is the Tales of the Texas Rangers (1950-1952) radio series, with Joel McCrea, a contemporary drama detective in Texas, featuring many traditional Western characteristics.
Western Electric
The 1971 film Zachariah starring John Rubinstein, Don Johnson and Pat Quinn was billed as, "The first electric Western." The film features several rock bands performing in other Western American settings.
Zachariah features performances and music supplied by rock groups from the 1970s, including James Gang and Country Joe and the Fish as "The Cracker Band." Fiddler Doug Kershaw has a cameo musical as well as Elvin Jones as a drummer drummer named Job Cain.
The independent film Hate Horses starring Dominique Swain, Ron Thompson and Paul Dooley call themselves, "The Western electric second."
Epic Western
The western epic is a subgenre of the west that emphasizes the story of the Old West of America on a grand scale. Many epic westerns are usually set during turbulent times, especially war, as in Sergio Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), set during the American Civil War, or Sam Peckinpah The Wild Bunch (1969), organized during the Mexican Revolution. One of the grandest films in this genre is Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), which shows many oprasional conflicts centering on the control of a city while exploiting the large scale at the Monument Valley location against the running time large. Other notable examples include The Iron Horse (1924), Duel in the Sun (1946), The Searchers (1956), Giant (1956), The Big Country (1958), Cimarron (1960), How West Was Won (1962), < i> Duck, You're a Sucker! (1971), Heaven's Gate (1980), Dance with Wolf (1990), Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Django Unchained (2012) and The Revenant (2015).
Euro-Western
Western Western is a Western genre film made in Western Europe. The term is sometimes, but not necessarily, including the Western Spaghetti subgenre (see below). One example of Euro Western is the Anglo-Spanish film The Savage Guns (1961). Several European-Western films, dubbed Sauerkraut Westerns as made in Germany and taken in Yugoslavia, are taken from the story by novelist Karl May and the film adaptation of May's work. In the late 2010s several new euro-westerns emerged, such as Kristian Levring The Salvation, Martin Koolhoven Brimstone And Andreas Prochaska The Dark Valley .
Western Fantasy
Western fantasies are mixed in fantasy settings and themes, and may include Fantasy mythology as a backdrop. Some notable examples are Stephen King's The Stand and The Dark Tower series , Vertigo Preacher comics series, and lightweight novel series Keiichi Sigsawa, > Kino Travel , illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi.
West Florida
Florida Western, also known as Western Cracker, is set in Florida during the Second Seminole War. An example is the Distant Drums (1951) starring Gary Cooper.
Horror Western
A growing subgenre, with roots in films like Undead Curse (1959) and Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966), which depicts legendary criminals Billy the Kid battling a famous vampire. Another example is The Ghoul Goes West , an Ed Wood film that was not produced to star Bela Lugosi as Dracula in Old West. The latest examples include films Near Near Dark (1987) directed by Kathryn Bigelow telling the story of a man who falls in love with a vampire, From Dusk till Dawn (1996) by Robert Rodriguez dealing with criminals fighting vampires across the border, Vampirees (1998) by John Carpenter tells of a group of vampires and vampire hunters looking for ancient relics in the west, Ravenous 1999), who dealt with cannibalism at a US military outpost; The Burrowers (2008), about a group of trackers who were followed by titular creatures; and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012). Undead Nightmare (2010), the expansion into Red Dead Redemption (2010) is an example of video games in this genre, telling the story of a zombie outbreak in the Old West. Bone Tomahawk (2016) one of the most recent entries in this genre has been widely acclaimed for the horrific story of cannibalism, but, like many other films in this genre, it is not a commercial success.
Curry Western and Indo Westerns
The first Western films made in India - Mosagaalaku Mosagaadu (1970), were made in Telugu, Mappusakshi (Malayalam), Ganga (1972 ), and Jakkamma (Tamil) - based on Western Classics. Thazhvaram (1990), Malayalam film directed by Bharathan and written by renowned writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair, probably the most similar to Spaghetti Western in terms of production and cinematic techniques. Earlier Spaghetti Western laid the foundations for films like Adima Changala (1971) starring Prem Nazir, a very popular Western Spaghetti zapata movie in Malayalam, and Sholay (1975) < i> Khote Sikkay (1973) and Thai Meethu Sathiyam (1978) is the famous Curry Western. Kodama Simham (1990), a Telugu action film starring Chiranjeevi and Mohan Babu is another addition to the Indo Western genre and fared well at the box office, as well as the first South Indian film dubbed in English as Indian Treasure Hunter
Takkari Donga (2002), starring Telugu Maheshbabu, was applauded by critics but an average runner at the box office. Quick Gun Murugun (2009), an Indian comedy film photographing West Indian films, is based on a character created for television promos at the launch of the Channel music network [V] in 1994, which has the following cult. Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam (2010), a Western adventure comedy film, based on a cowboy film and paying homage to John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Jaishankar, was made in Tamil.
Western martial arts (Wuxia Western)
While many of these mash-ups (eg, Billy Jack (1971) and its sequel Western meat pie
The Western Meat pie (also Kangaroo Western) (a slang term played on the Italo-Western moniker "Spaghetti Western") is a Western Australian film or TV series with Australian backgrounds, especially Australian Outback or Bush Australia. Movies such as Rangle River (1936), Kangaroo (1952), Whiplash (1961), Mad Dog Morgan (1976), > The Man from Snowy River (1982), and Five Mile Creek (1983-85), Quigley Down Under (1991), The Proposition (2005) all represent the genre. The term is used to distinguish more americanized Australian films from films on a more historical basis, such as about bushranger.
Northwestern
The North Genre is a Western subgenre that occurs in Alaska or Western Canada. Examples include several versions of Rex Beach novels, The Spoilers (including the 1930s The Spoilers, with Gary Cooper, and 1942's The Spoilers, with Marlene Dietrich, Randolph Scott, and Wayne); The Far Country (1954) with James Stewart; North to Alaska (1960) with Wayne; Death Hunt (1981) with Charles Bronson; and The Gray Fox (1983) with Richard Farnsworth.
Ostern
Osterns, also known as "Red Western", is produced in Eastern Europe. They were popular in the Communist Eastern European countries and were favorites of Joseph Stalin, and typically portrayed American Indians sympathetically, as oppressed people fighting for their rights, unlike the West Americans of the time, who often describes Indians as criminals. Ostern often features Gypsies or Turks in Indian roles, due to the lack of native Indians in Eastern Europe.
Gojko Miti? describes pious, kind, and charming Indian leaders (for example, in Die SÃÆ'¶hne der groÃÆ'Ÿen BÃÆ'¤rin (1966) directed by Josef Mach). He became the chief of honor of the Sioux tribe, when he visited the United States in the 1990s and the television crew who accompanied him showed the tribe of one of his films. American actor and singer Dean Reed, an expatriate living in East Germany, also starred in several Ostern films.
Western Pornography
The most rare of the Western subgenres, Western Pornography uses Old Old as the background for the story is mainly focused on erotica. The three main examples of Western pornographic films are the nugie-cutie Russ Meyer Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962), and Hardcore A Dirty West (1975) and Sweet Savage (1979). Sweet Savage starred Aldo Ray, a veteran actor who appeared in a traditional Western, in a non-sex role. Among videogames, Custer Revenge (1982) is a well-known example, considered one of the worst video games of all time.
Western Revisionist
After the early 1960s, many American filmmakers began to question and change many traditional Western elements, and made the Western Revisionists encourage viewers to question the simple hero-versus-criminal duality and morality using violence to test a person's character or to prove himself right. This is shown in Sam Peckinpah The Wild Bunch (1969). One of the major revisions is an increasingly positive representation of Native Americans, who have been treated as "savages" in previous films. Examples of such Western Revisionists include Ride the High Country (1962), Richard Harris' A Man Called Horse (1970), Little Big Man Man in the Wilderness (1971), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), < i> Dance with Wolves (1990) and Dead Man (1995). Some former Western Revisionists gave women a stronger role, such as Westward the Woman (1951) starring Robert Taylor. Other previous jobs include all of these features, The Last Wagon (1956). In it, Richard Widmark plays a white man who was raised by Comanches and persecuted by a white man, with Felicia Farr and Susan Kohner playing a young woman who was forced to become a leader.
Western science fiction
Western science fiction puts the element of science fiction in a traditional Western setting. Examples include Jesse James Meet Princess Frankenstein (1965), Gwangi Valley (1969) featuring cowboys and dinosaurs. "Six Gun Planet" John Jakes takes place on a future planet that is colonized by people who consciously seek to recreate the Old West (with cowboys riding horse robots...) [1]. Movie Westworld (1973) and its sequel Futureworld (1976), Back to the Future Part III (1990) Wild Wild West (1999), Cowboys & amp; Aliens (2011), and TV series Westworld (2016, based on the movie). Fallout: New Vegas (2010) is an example of a video game that follows this format, with futuristic technology and genetic mutations placed between western and desert Mojave Wasteland themes.
Western Space
Space Western or Space Frontier is a science fiction subgenre that uses Western themes and allusions in science fiction. Subtle influences may include exploration of new, lawless boundaries, while lighter influences may feature literal cowboys in outer space using ray guns and riding robotic horses. Examples include the American television series Brave Starr (which broadcast the original episodes from September 1987 to February 1988) and Spaghetti Western
During the 1960s and 1970s, Western revival appeared in Italy with "Spaghetti Westerns" also known as "Italo-Western". The most famous of them is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). Many of these films are low-budget affairs, shot on site (eg, desert areas in Almeria) selected for crews and their cheap production costs as well as their resemblance to the scenery of the Southwest United States. Western spaghetti is characterized by the presence of more action and violence than West Hollywood. Also, the protagonist usually acts more than a selfish motive (money or the most common revenge) than in the classical western. Some Western Spaghetti demythologized Western American traditions, and some films of the genre were considered western revisionists.
Western films directed by Sergio Leone are felt by some to have a different tone from West Hollywood. American veteran actor Charles Bronson, Lee Van Cleef and Clint Eastwood became famous for starring in Spaghetti Westerns, although they also feature works for other famous actors such as James Coburn, Henry Fonda, Rod Steiger, Klaus Kinski and Jason Robards. Eastwood, who previously took the lead in the television series Rawhide, unexpectedly found himself thrown into the front of the film industry by Leone A Fistful of Dollars .
Strange Western
The odd western subgenres combine classical Western elements with other elements. Wild Wild West television series, television movies and adaptations of 1999 films combine Western style with steampunk. The Jonah Hex franchise also blends the West with the superhero element. The film Western Religion (2015), by writer and director James O'Brien, introduces demons into a traditional wild west setting. Old Man Logan (2008-2009) graphic novel combines elements of post-apocalyptic superhero and fiction with the west.
Genre Study
In 1960, academic and critical attention to cinema as a legitimate art form emerged. With increasing attention, film theory was developed to try to understand the importance of film. From this environment emerges (in relation to the literary movement) a pocket of critical study called the genre study. This is primarily a semantic and structuralist approach to understanding how similar films convey meaning.
One result of the genre study is that some argue that "Western" does not need to happen in Western America or even in the 19th century, since codes can be found in other types of films. For example, a very typical Western plot is that an eastern lawyer heads the west, where he matches tricks and trades bullets with a group of criminals and criminals, and is assisted by a well-intentioned but largely ineffective local lawyer until a critical moment. when he redeemed himself by saving the life of the hero. This description can be used to describe a number of Western, but also other films such as Die Hard (own slow rework of High Noon) and Akira Kurosawa Seven Samurai , which often cited examples of films that do not occur in West America but have many themes and common characteristics for Westerners. Likewise, films installed in Old West America need not be considered "Western".
Influences
Being a period drama piece, both Western genres and samurai influence each other in style and theme over the years. The Magnificent Seven is a remake of the Akira Kurosawa movie The Seven Samurai , and A Fistful of Dollars is a remake of Kurosawa Yojimbo , which itself was inspired by Red Harvest , an American detective novel by Dashiell Hammett. Kurosawa is influenced by West America and is a fan of the genre, especially John Ford.
Despite the Cold War, the West is a powerful influence in Eastern Bloc cinema, which has its own genre, called "Red West" or "Ostern". Generally this takes two forms: either West's direct shot in the Eastern Bloc, or action films involving the Russian Revolution and the civil war and Basmachi rebellion.
An offshoot of the Western genre is the "post-apocalyptic" West, in which the future society, struggling to rebuild after the great disaster, is described in a way very similar to the 19th century borders. Examples include The Postman and the series Mad Max , and the computer game series Fallout . Many elements of the space travel series and films borrow extensively from Western genre conventions. This is especially true in the space of Western science fiction subgenre. Peter Hyams' Outland moved the High Noon plot to Io, the month of Jupiter. Gene Roddenberry, the creator of the Star Trek series, aired his show as "
Recently, the Firefly Space Opera series explicitly used the Western theme for its portrayal of the border world. Anime shows like Cowboy Bebop , Trigun and Outlaw Star are a similar blend of science fiction and Western elements. Western science fiction can be seen as a Western subgenre or science fiction. Western movie elements can be found also in some movies that basically include other genres. For example, Kelly's Heroes is a war movie, but its actions and character resemble the West. The English film Zulu defined during the Anglo-Zulu War is sometimes compared to the West, although it is set in South Africa.
The characters played by Humphrey Bogart in film noir films such as Casablanca
In many of Robert A. Heinlein's books, the settlement of other planets is described in a way that explicitly mimics American settlements in the West. For example, in its settlers Tunnel in the Sky departing for the "New Canaan" planet, through the intergalactic teleporter portal, in Conestoga wagons, their captains and small beards and riding a Palomino horse - with Heinlein explaining that the colonists had to survive on their own for several years, so the horse was more practical than the machine.
Stephen King's The Dark Tower is a series of seven books connecting Western themes, high fantasy, science fiction, and horror. Protagonist Roland Deschain is a sniper whose image and personality is largely inspired by the "Unnamed Man" of the Sergio Leone movies. In addition, the superhero fantasy genre has been described as coming from a cowboy hero, powered only up to omnipotence in a mainly urban setting. West genres have been parodied on a number of occasions, the famous example is Support Your Local Sheriff! , Cat Ballou , Mel Brooks Blazing Saddles , and Rustler's Rhapsody .
George Lucas's Star Wars movies use many elements from the West, and Lucas says he intends to Star Wars to revitalize the cinematic mythology, a part of which the West once owned. Jedi, who took their name from Jidaigeki, modeled after the samurai, showed the influence of Kurosawa. Han Solo character dressed like a sniper, and Mos Eisley Cantina is very similar to the Old West saloon.
Meanwhile, films such as Big Lebowski, who portray actor Sam Elliott from Old West and down the Los Angeles bowling alley, and Midnight Cowboy about a southern boy - turned-gigolo in New York (which disappointed the client when he did not measure up to Gary Cooper), transplanting the Western theme into a modern setting for both parody and respectful purposes.
Literature
Western fiction is a literary genre set in Old West America, most commonly between the years 1860 and 1900. The first recognized the West was The Virginian (1902) by Owen Wister. "Western Western Literature". Ã, Other well-known Western fiction writers include Zane Gray, from the early 1900s, Ernest Haycox, Luke Short, and Louis L'Amour, from the mid-20th century. Many writers are better known in other genres, such as Leigh Brackett, Elmore Leonard, and Larry McMurtry, have also written Western novels. The popularity of this genre peaked in the 1960s, partly due to the closure of many pulp magazines, the popularity of Westerners on television, and the emergence of spy novels. The number of readers began to decline in the mid to late 1970s and reached new lows in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside some Western countries, now carry only a small number of Western novels and short story collections.
Literary forms that share a similar theme include American border stories, Argentine gaucho literature, and Australian Outback completion stories.
Television
Western Television is a subgenre of the West. When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, Western TV quickly became a crowd favorite. Starting with an existing movie re-broadcast, a number of movie cowboys have their own TV shows. As demand for the West increases, new stories and stars are introduced. A number of Western TVs that have long been classics in their own right, such as: The Lone Ranger (1949-1957), The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1955) -1961 ), Gunsmoke (1955-1975), Maverick (1957-1962), Got Gun - Will Travel (1957-1963), > Wagon Train (1957-1965), Sugarfoot (1957-1961), The Rifleman (1958-1963), Rawhide (1959-1966), Bonanza (1959-1973), The Virginian (1962-1971), and The Big Valley (1965) - 1969). The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp is the first Western television series written for adults, premiering four days before Gunsmoke on September 6, 1955.
The peak year for Western television was 1959, with 26 such shows airing during primetime. At least six of them are connected to Wyatt Earp: The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Tombstone Territory , < Broken Arrow , Johnny Ringo , and Gunsmoke . Increasing the cost of American television production wasted most of the half-hour action series in the early 1960s, and his successor with an hour-long television show, became more colorful. Traditional Westerns died in the late 1960s as a result of network changes in demographic targeting along with pressure from parental television groups. The future entries in the genre will combine elements of other genera, such as crime drama and detective mystery elements. Western performances from the 1970s included Hec Ramsey , Kung Fu , Prairie House , and McCloud . In the 1990s and 2000s, Western-hour long and well-crafted Western-made films were introduced, such as: Lonesome Dove (1989) and Dr. Quinn, Medical Woman. In addition, new elements are once again added to Western formulas, such as the Western science fiction event Firefly , made by Joss Whedon in 2002. Deadwood is a which is recognized critically. Western series that aired on HBO from 2004 to 2006.
Visual art
A number of visual artists focus their work on representations of Old Western States. American-oriented Western art is sometimes referred to as "American Art" by Americans. This relatively new art category includes paintings, sculptures, and sometimes Native American crafts. Initially, subjects included the exploration of Western countries and cowboy themes. Frederic Remington and Charles M. Russell are two artists who capture the "Wild West" on canvas. Several art museums, such as the West Buffalo Bill Center in Wyoming and the Autry National Center in Los Angeles, feature American Western Art.
Other media
The popularity of Westerners goes beyond film, literature, television, and the visual arts to include many other forms of media.
Anime and manga
With anime and manga, the genre tends toward Western Scientific fiction [eg, Cowboy Bebop (anime 1998), Trigun (1995-2007 manga), and Outlaw Bintang (manga 1996-1999)]. Although contemporary Westerners also appear, such as K? Yes no Sh? Nen Isamu , a manga shin of 1971 about a boy with a Japanese father and an Native American mother, or El Cazador de la Bruja , an anime television series 2007 set in modern Mexico. Part 7 of the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure manga series is based on Western American settings. The story follows the racers in transcontinental horses, race "Bola Baja Run".
Comics
The western comics have incorporated serious entries (such as classic comics in the late 1940s and early 1950s), cartoons, and parodies (such as Cocco Bill and Lucky Luke ). In the 1990s and 2000s, Western comics leaned toward strange Western subgenres, usually involving supernatural monsters, or Christian iconography as in Preacher. However, traditional Western comics were more common during this period (eg, Jonah Hex and Unfinished ).
Games
Western arcade games, computer games, role playing, and video games are often Western or Western Horror hybrids. Some Western-themed computer games include The Oregon Trail (1971), Mad Dog McCree (1990), Sunset Riders (1991), Outlaws (1997), Red Dead Revolver (2004), Gun (2005), Call of Juarez (2007), < i> Red Dead Redemption (2010), and Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018). Other video games adapted Western Science fiction or strange Western subgenres such as Fallout (1997), Gunman Chronicles (2000), Darkwatch (2005), [ series Borderlands (first released in 2009) , Fallout: New Vegas (2010), and Hard West (2015).
Drama radio
Western radio drama is very popular from the 1930s to the 1960s. Some popular events include The Lone Ranger (first broadcast in 1933), The Cisco Kid (first broadcast in 1942), Dr. Sixgun (first broadcast in 1954), Own Gun-Will Travel (first broadcast in 1958), and Gunsmoke (first broadcast of 1952).
Web series
Western has been exhibited in a short episodic web series. Examples include the League of STEAM, Red Bird and Arkansas Traveler.
See also
References
Further reading
- Buscombe, Edward, and Christopher Brookeman. BFI Companion to the Western (A. Deutsch, 1988); BFI = British Film Institute
- Everson, William K. Western film picture history (New York: Citadel Press, 1969)
- Kitses, Jim. Horizons West: The Western from John Ford to Clint Eastwood (British Film Institute, 2007).
- Lenihan, John H. Controversy: Facing Modern America in Western Movies (University of Illinois Press, 1980)
- Nachbar, John G. Focus on the West (Prentice Hall, 1974)
- Simmon, Scott. The Invention of Western Films: Medieval Cultural History of Half Genre (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
External links
- 500 Western Classic Movies on DVD
- Most Popular Westerners in the Internet Movie Database
- the Western Writers of America website
- The West, St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture , 2002
- I'm Watching a Westerner, Ludwig von Mises Institute
- Film Festival for Western Genre website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments