Diapers (English English) or diapers (English English) is a type of underwear that allows a user to defecate or urinate without using a toilet, by absorbing or containing waste products to prevent soiling the outer clothing or external environment. When the diapers get dirty, they need to be changed, generally by a second person such as a parent or caregiver. Failure to change diapers regularly can cause skin problems around areas covered by diapers.
Diapers have been used throughout human history. They are made of fabric or synthetic materials. Cloth diapers consist of layers of fabric such as cotton, hemp, bamboo, microfiber, or even plastic fibers such as PLA, and can be washed and reused several times. Disposable diapers contain absorbent chemicals and are discarded after use. Plastic pants can be worn over the diaper to avoid leaks, but with modern cloth diapers, this is no longer necessary.
Diapers are mainly worn by babies, toddlers, and by untreated children who have had potty or wet. They are also used by adults with incontinence or in certain circumstances where access to toilets is not available. These can include old age, hospital-bound patients, individuals with certain types of physical or mental disabilities, diaper fetishists, and people working in extreme conditions, such as astronauts. Not infrequently people wear diapers under dry clothes.
Video Diaper
Histori
Etimologi
The Middle English word diapers initially refers to the type of cloth rather than its use; "Diaper" is a term for repetitive patterns, rhombic forms, and then comes to describe white cotton or linen with this pattern. The first cloth diapers consist of a special type of soft tissue sheet, cut into geometric shapes. This type of pattern is called a diaper and eventually names the cloth used to make diapers and then to the diaper itself, traced back to England in the 1590s. This usage is trapped in the United States and Canada after British colonization in North America, but in the UK the word "diaper" replaces it. Most sources believe diapers are small forms of napkin words, which at first are small.
Development
In the nineteenth century, modern diapers began to form and mothers in different parts of the world used cotton, held in place with binders - finally safety pins. The cloth diapers in the United States were first mass produced in 1887 by Maria Allen. In the UK, diapers are made of terry towels, often with an inner layer made of soft cloth.
The following is an excerpt from 'The Modern Home Doctor' written by British doctors in 1935.
Good old, soft pieces of good Turkish towels, properly washed, will make the softest diaper cover, inside a special absorbent napkin (diapers), look below at 1A, soft, lightweight, and easy to wash, which contained. It should not be littered as routine habits have been implanted, especially during the most important night periods to prevent the formation of the
habits 1A - (butter butter roll boxes or Harrington rolls of "goat" in the package, sold for car-motor polish, will be equally good and very cheap and soft)
Wool pants, or, once available, rubber pants, sometimes used on cloth diapers to prevent leakage. Doctors believe that rubber pants are dangerous because they think the rubber acts as a poultice and damages the baby's skin. The constant problem to be overcome is the diaper rash, and the infection. The concern is the lack of air circulation will worsen this condition. While lack of air circulation was a factor, it was found that poor hygiene involving unwashed diapers and rare diaper changes, as well as allowing the baby to lie down for long periods with feces in contact with the skin, are the two main causes of the problem.
In the 20th century, disposable diapers were conceived. In the 1930s, Robinsons of Chesterfield had what was labeled "Destroyable Babies Napkins" listed in their catalog for the wholesale market. In 1944, Hugo Drangel of the Swedish paper company PaulistrÃÆ'¶m suggested a conceptual design that would require the placement of paper tissue sheets (cellulose wadding) in cloth diapers and rubber pants. However, the cellulose wad is rough to the skin and crumbles into a ball when exposed to moisture.
In 1946, Marion Donovan used a shower curtain from his bathroom to create a "Boater", a plastic cover that would be worn outside the diaper. First sold in 1949 at Saks Fifth Avenue's main outlet in New York City, the patent was later issued in 1951 to Donovan, who then sold the rights to a $ 1 million waterproof diaper. Donovan also designed disposable paper diapers, but did not succeed in marketing them.
In 1947, Scottish housewife Valerie Hunter Gordon began to develop and make Paddi, a two-piece system consisting of a disposable pad (made from cotton-covered cellulose wobbles) worn inside a plastic garment that can be adjusted by buttoned buttons/buttons. Initially, he used an old parachute for garment. He applied for a patent in April 1948, and was granted for England in October 1949. Initially, the big manufacturer could not see the commercial possibilities of disposable diapers. In 1948, Gordon made over 400 Paddis himself using his sewing machine on the kitchen table. Her husband did not make it to several companies to ask for help until he had a chance to meet Sir Robert Robinson at a business dinner. In November 1949, Valerie Gordon signed a contract with Robinsons of Chesterfield which then went into full production. In 1950, Boots UK agreed to sell Paddi in all their branches. In 1951, Paddi patents were awarded to the US and to the rest of the world. Shortly after, Playtex and several other major international companies tried unsuccessfully to buy Paddi from Robinsons. Paddi has been very successful for years until the emergence of diapers 'all in one'.
In Sweden, Hugo Drangel's daughter, Lil Karhola Wettergren, in 1956 outlined his father's original idea, adding clothing (once again creating a 2-piece system like Paddi). But he encountered the same problem, with the purchasing manager, stating that they would never allow their wives to "put paper on their children."
After the Second World War, mothers increasingly wanted freedom from washing diapers so that they could work and travel, leading to increased demand for disposable diapers.
During the 1950s, companies like Johnson and Johnson, Kendall, Parke-Davis, Playtex, and Molnlycke entered the disposable diaper market, and in 1956, Procter & amp; Gamble starts researching disposable diapers. Victor Mills, along with his project group including William Dehaas (both working for the company) found out what would be trademarked "Pampers". Although Pampers was conceptualized in 1959, the diapers themselves were not launched into the market until 1961. Pampers now accounts for more than $ 10 billion in annual revenues in Procter & amp; Gamble.
Over the next few decades, disposable diaper industry exploded and competition between Procter & amp; Gamble's Pampers and Kimberly Clark's Huggies produce lower prices and drastic changes in diaper design. Some improvements were made, such as the use of double gussets to improve the suitability and inclusion of diapers. As stated in Procter & amp; Patel's early 1973 Gamble for the use of double gussets in diapers, "The folded double gusset area tends to adjust to the baby's thighs, allowing quick and easy installation and providing convenient, comfortable diapers that will not bind or block the baby... as a result of the fit the snugger is obtained because of this crease configuration, the diapers tend to leak or, in other words, the characteristics of the containment are greatly improved. "Further developments in diaper design are made, such as the introduction of reusable tape," hourglass shape " to reduce bulk in the groin area, and the introduction of super absorbent material from a polymer known as sodium polyacrylate which was originally developed in 1966.
Maps Diaper
Type
Disposable
Disposable diapers were first discovered in 1946 by Marion Donovan, a professional housewife who wanted to make sure the diapers of his children kept dry when they slept. Donovan patented his design (called 'Boaters') in 1951. He also invented the first paper diaper, but executives did not invest in this idea and consequently removed it for more than ten years, until Procter & Gamble uses Donovan's design idea to create Pampers.
Another diaper design was created by Valerie Hunter Gordon (nÃÆ' Â © e de Ferranti), and patented in 1948 by Valerie Hunter Gordon (nÃÆ' Â © e de Ferranti), the grandson of the inventor Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti.
Since their introduction several decades ago, product innovations include the use of superabsorbent polymers, reusable tapes, and elastic waistband. They are now much thinner and more absorbent. The product range has recently been extended to a children's toilet training phase with the introduction of training pants and diaper pants, which are now underwear.
Modern disposable diapers and modern incontinence products have layered construction, allowing the transfer and distribution of urine to the absorbent core structure where it is locked. The base layer is the outer shell of a breathable polyethylene film or a nonwoven composite and a film that prevents wetness. and soil transfer, the absorbent layer in a mixture of air-laid paper and superabsorbent polymer for wet, and the layer closest to the nonwoven skin with a direct underlying distribution layer that transfers wet to the absorbent layer.
Other common features of disposable diapers include one or more pairs of adhesive tape or mechanical binder to keep the diaper firmly fixed. Some diapers have reusable bands to allow fit adjustment or reapplication after inspection. Single and double gussets elastic fabric around the legs and waist helps in fitting and contains urine or stool that has not been absorbed. Some diaper lines now usually include a wet indicator, in which chemicals included in cloth diapers change color in the presence of water vapor to remind the guard or user that wet diapers. Disposable diapers can also include inner cloths designed to hold skin moisture for a while before being absorbed to remind toilet users or bedwetting users that they have urinated. Most of the materials in the diaper are held together with the use of hot melt adhesive, used in spray or multi-line form, elastic hot melt is also used to help the integrity of the pad when the diaper is wet.
Some disposable diapers include fragrances, lotions or essential oils to help mask the smell of dirty diapers, or to protect the skin. Disposable diaper care is minimal, and consists primarily of storing it in a dry place before use, with proper disposal in the trash when fouled. The dirt should be stored in the toilet, but generally put in the garbage with the rest of the diapers.
Cloth diaper
Cloth diapers can be reused and can be made from natural fibers, man-made materials, or a combination of both. They are often made from industrial cotton that can be whitened white or leave the natural color of the fiber. Other natural fiber fabrics include wool, bamboo, and unbleached hemp. Man-made materials such as the internal absorbent layer of a microfiber towel or a waterproof coating of external polyurethane laminate (PUL) may be used. Polyester fleece and faux suedecloth are often used in cloth diapers as a "dry-wetting liner" because of the non-absorbing properties of synthetic fibers.
Traditionally, cloth diapers are composed of folded rectangles or rectangular fabric, tied with safety pins. Today, most cloth diapers are tied with hook and loop tape (velcro) or buttons.
Modern cloth diapers come in various shapes, including preformed cloth diapers, all-in-one diapers with waterproof exteriors, diapers equipped with blankets and "stuffed" pockets or diapers, consisting of waterproof outer skin stitched with opening. to insert an absorbent material insert. Many of the features of modern cloth diaper design have followed directly from the innovations that were originally developed in disposable diapers, such as the use of glass watch forms, materials to separate skin moisture and use of double gussets, or elastic rubber for better fit and containment of waste materials. Some brands of cloth diapers use variations of Procter & amp; The use of 1973 Gamble's original patent from double knot at Pampers.
Usage
Children
Babies can change their diapers five or more times a day. Parents and other primary caregivers often carry diapers and the need to change diapers in special diaper bags. Diapering may serve as a good bonding experience for parents and children. Children who wear diapers may experience skin irritation, commonly referred to as diaper rash, due to continuous contact with feces, because the feces contain urease that catalyzes the conversion of urine urea into ammonia that can irritate the skin and can cause painful flushing.
The age at which children should stop regularly wearing diapers and toilet training should begin is the subject of debate. Advocates of pelleted training and Communication Elimination Guides babies believe that potpour training can be started at birth with many benefits, with diapers being used only as a reserve. Keeping children in diapers outside of infancy can be controversial, with family psychologist John Rosemond claiming it is "a slap in human intelligence that one would allow a baby to continue to contaminate and soil itself at the age of two." Pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton, however, believes that toilet training is a child's choice and has encouraged this view in various advertisements for Pampers Size 6, diapers for older children. Brazelton cautions that forced toilets exercise can cause serious long-term problems, and that is a child's decision when stopping diapers instead of parents.
Most children no longer wear diapers when they are between two and four, depending on the culture, diaper type, parenting habits, and personality of the child. However, it is increasingly common for five-year-old children to keep wearing diapers due to their parents' neglect or child's resistance to toilet training. This can cause a number of problems if children are sent to school wearing diapers, including teasing from classmates and health problems resulting from dirty diapers. Teachers' groups - connecting the epidemic with increased use of day care - ask children who are applied to be banned from the classroom. Disposable diaper industry has been accused of pushing this trend by making diapers in ever larger size. "[S] comfortable-uper diapers" have also been criticized; sophisticated technology in modern diapers that are soaking wet from the skin, leaving children to forget about their accident and when they have to go to the toilet. June Rogers child nurses claim that parental attitudes play a major role in this issue, and that toilet training is not at all a priority for many of them.
Children may have problems with bladder control (especially at night), up to eight years or more, and may wear diapers while sleeping to control bedwetting. Health and Fitness Site Children claim that changing a child's diaper can extend the bedwetting, as it sends a "permit message" to urinate while they sleep. Dr Anthony Page from Online Kids Creative Magazine claims that children can get used to their diapers and start seeing it as comfort, and that the children surveyed, most prefer to wear diapers rather than worry of waking up at night to go to the toilet. In a series of online surveys, Robert A Pretlow, MD, of eHealth International, Inc., cites identical figures. He argues that if internet users represent the community as a whole, this survey implies that the fetishistic or emotional attraction of diapers may be responsible for this "comfort" case, and that "this behavior is a significant cause of enuresis and incontinence." He asked for further research to be done on the topic.
Training pants
Manufacturers have designed "training pants" that bridge the gap between baby diapers and normal underwear during the toilet training process. It's similar to baby diapers in construction but they can be worn like normal underwear. Training pants are available for children with enuresis.
Adult
Although most commonly used and associated with infants and children, diapers are also worn by adults for various reasons. In the medical community, they are usually referred to as "adult absorbent pants" rather than diapers, which are related to children and may have negative connotations. The use of adult diapers can be a source of shame, and products are often marketed under euphemisms such as incontinence pads. The most common adult diaper users are those who have medical conditions that cause them to urinate such as bed wetting or fecal incontinence, or those bedridden or confined in their mobility.
Astronauts and Scuba divers use diapers for spaceship and dry clothing for long exposures.
Animal
Diapers and products such as diapers are sometimes used in pets, laboratory animals, or worker animals. This is often caused by animals that are not exposed, or to older, sick, or wounded animals that have wet the bed. In some cases, this is just a baby diaper with a cut hole for the tail to enter. In other cases, they are garbage collection devices like diapers.
Diapers used in primates, canines, etc. Very similar to diapers used by humans. The diapers used on horses are meant to catch excretion, not to absorb it.
In 2002, the Vienna city council proposed that horses be made to wear diapers to prevent them from defecating in the streets. This has caused controversy among animal rights groups, who claim that wearing diapers is uncomfortable for animals. Supporters of the campaign protested by coating the streets wearing their own diapers, which read the message "Stop Pooh bags". In the town of Limuru in Kenya, donkeys are also processed on the orders of the council. A similar scheme in Blackpool ordered that horses be fitted with rubber and plastic diapers to stop them littering the promenade with dirt. The Council consults with the RSPCA to ensure that diapers are not harmful to the wellbeing of horses.
Other animals that are sometimes diapered include female dogs when ovulating and thus bleed, and monkeys and apes. Diapers are often seen in trained animals that appear on TV shows, in movies, or for live entertainment or educational appearances.
Cost
More than US $ 9 billion is spent on disposable diapers in North America every year.
In 2018, brand names, disposable diapers of the middle class in the US, such as Huggies and Pampers, were sold for an average cost of about US $ 0.20 to $ 0.30 cents per each, and their producers earned about two cents in profits from every Sold diaper. Premium brands have eco-friendly features, and sell for about twice that price. Generic disposable diapers cost less per diaper, at an average price of $ 0.15 cents each, and the typical manufacturer's profit is about one cent per diaper. However, inexpensive diapers need to be changed more often, so total cost savings are limited, because lower cost per diaper is offset by the need to buy more diapers.
In Latin America, some manufacturers sell disposable diapers for about US $ 0.10 each.
Debate
An average child will go through several thousand diapers in their life. Since disposable diapers are discarded after a single use, disposable diaper use increases the load at landfill sites, and increased environmental awareness has led to growth in campaigns for parents to use reusable alternatives such as cloth or hybrid diapers. An estimated 27.4 billion disposable diapers are used annually in the United States, resulting in the possibility of 3.4 million tons of used diapers being added to landfills every year. Disposable disposable diapers take up to 450 years to break down.
The environmental impact of cloth compared to disposable diapers has been studied several times. In one study sponsored by the National Association of Diaper Services (NADS) and conducted by Carl Lehrburger and colleagues, the results found that disposable diapers produced seven times more waste when disposed and three times more waste in the manufacturing process. In addition, waste from the plastics, pulp, and paper industries is much more dangerous than waste from cotton planting and manufacturing processes. Disposable diapers consume less water than reusable washers at home, but more than are sent to a commercial diaper service. Washing cloth diapers at home using 50 to 70 gallons (about 189 to 264 liters) of water every three days, which is roughly equivalent to flushing toilets 15 times a day, unless the user has a high efficiency washer. The average diaper service places its diapers through an average of 13 water changes, but uses less water and energy per diaper than a laundry load at home.
In October 2008, "An updated lifecycle assessment study for disposable and reusable diapers" by the UK Environment Agency and the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs stated that reusable diapers can cause less significant (up to 40 percent ) or more damage to the environment than can be removed, depending on how the parents washed and dried. The "basic scenario" shows that the difference in greenhouse emissions is insignificant (in fact, single use is even slightly better). However, much better results (cuts in emissions by 40 percent) can be achieved by using reusable diapers more rationally. "This report shows that, in contrast to the use of disposable diapers, it is consumer behavior after purchase that determines most of the impact of reusable diapers, and cloth nappy users can reduce their environmental impact by:
- The line dries out when possible
- Drain as little as possible
- When switching appliances, choose more energy-efficient equipment (A heavy equipment [in accordance with EU environmental assessment] is preferred)
- Not washing above 60Ã, Â ° C (140Ã, Â ° F)
- Wash load more
- Use baby potty training techniques to reduce the number of dirty diapers.
- Reuse diapers in other children. "
There are variations in the treatment of cloth diapers that can explain the various measures of environmental impact. For example, using a cloth laundry service involves additional pollution from vehicles picking up and dropping shipments. But such services use less water per diaper in the washing process. Some people who wash cloth diapers at home wash each load twice, remembering the first wash "pre-wash", and thus doubling the energy and water use of washing. The most common cloth diapers are made of cotton, which is generally regarded as an environmentally wasteful plant to grow. "Conventional cotton is one of the most chemically dependent crops, sucking 10% of all agricultural chemicals and 25% of insecticides on 3% of our farms, that's more than any other plant per unit." This effect can be reduced by using other materials, such as bamboo and hemp.
Another aspect to consider when choosing between disposable diapers and cloth diapers is the cost. It is estimated that the average baby will use from $ 1,500 to $ 2,000 or more on disposable diapers before being trained in the toilet. In contrast, cloth diapers, while initially more expensive than disposable, cost as low as $ 300 for a set of basic cloth diapers, although the cost may go up with a more expensive option. The cost of washing and drying diapers should also be considered. The basic set, if one-sized, can survive from birth to potty-training.
Another factor in the effect of reusable cloth diapers is the ability to reuse diapers for the next children or to sell them. These factors can reduce the environmental and financial impact of making, selling, and reusing new diapers.
See also
- Change the table
- Diaper bag
- Baby clothes
- Swim diapers
- Child-led pitcher training
- Diaper Fetishism
- Marion Donovan
- Training pants
References
External links
The properties, components, advantages, and the use of modern disposable diapers
Best overnight diaper review
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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