An optician , or eyewear seller, is a technical practitioner who designs, adapts, and provides corrective lenses for one's vision correction. Opticians determine the specifications of various eye tools that will provide the necessary correction for a person's vision. Some registered or licensed optical experts also design and install specialized equipment to repair cosmetic, traumatic or anatomical disabilities. These tools are called shells or artificial eyes. Other registered or licensed optics produce lenses for their own specifications and designs and produce eyeglass frames and other devices.
Corrective ophthalmic equipment may be contact lenses, eyeglass lenses, low vision aids or prosthetic eye for those that are partially visible. Appliances are installed either in the eye as contact lenses or mounted in frames or stands in front of the eyes as glasses or as lens glasses.
Optical experts can work in a variety of settings such as joint practice, hospitals, laboratories, eye care centers or retail stores. However, registered optical experts must meet the standards of practice and training, commit to continuing education, hold professional liability insurance and adhere to these standards by their respective regulatory agencies.
A fully trusted optical expert in the United States is a college trained in Optical Science and is known as Ophthalmic OpticianÃ,® (O.O.) and they are trusted by the Society for Advance Opticianry (SAO). To achieve this nationally enrolled degree, an optician should get a combination of college education, the American Board of Opticianry and National Contact Lens Examiners, continued certification, or retain their state license in both eyeglass and contact lens exposure when applicable. In the United Kingdom, an ophthalmologist is also known as optometric and is governed by the General Optical Council under the Opticians Act 1989.
Like many healthcare providers, optical experts are professionals who are organized in certain countries. Professions are often governed by optical specialty agents, such as in Canada and some US states, or together with optometries such as the New Zealand Optometrist and the Dispensing Opticians Board. Opticians may work independently or depend on ophthalmologists or ophthalmologists although some optical experts may work in optical laboratories as laboratory optical experts. Optical experts change the recipe for correction of biased errors into the lens of the eye or other devices, such as reading aids or telescopic lenses.
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History of optician and eyewear maker
The first artistic representation of glasses known to be painted by Tommaso and Modena in 1352. He did a series of fresco brothers who efficiently read or replicated manuscripts; one holding a magnifying glass while the other had glasses hanging from his nose. After Tommaso successfully modeled, other painters positioned glasses on the nose of many subjects, almost certainly as representations of wisdom and respect.
One of the most important developments in the production of spectacle in the 15th century was the introduction of concave lenses for nearsightedness or farsightedness. Pope Leo X, who is very myopic, wore sunken glasses while hunting and admitted they allow him to see more clearly than his colleagues.
The first glasses use quartz lens because optical glass has not been developed. The lenses are mounted on bone, metal and leather buffers, often shaped like two small magnifying glasses with riveted grips arranged in reverse V-shape that can be balanced on the bridge of the nose. The use of glasses extended from Italy to Germany, Spain, France and Portugal.
From their inception, the glasses gave rise to an unsolved dilemma for almost 350 years: how to keep them on the bridge of the nose without falling. The 17th century Spanish watchmaker experimented with silk ribbons that could be taped to the frame and then looped over the ears. Spanish and Italian missionaries bring new models to optical users in China. The Chinese pinned a bit of ceramics or metal for the rope instead of making a knot. In 1730, a London optician named Edward Scarlett perfected the use of rigid sidepieces that lie above the ear. This perfection quickly spread throughout the continent. In 1752 James Ayscough published his latest discovery, glasses with double-hinged side pieces. It became very popular and appeared more often than other types in painting and period molding. The lenses are made of colored glass and are also clear. Ayscough feels that a clear glass lens gives an unpleasant glare. In Spain in 1763 Pablo Minguet recommended turquoise, green, or yellow lenses but not yellow or red.
The Europeans, especially the French, are self-conscious about the use of glasses. Paris Aristocrats use reading aids only in private. The nobles of England and France use a "perspective glass" or monocular that can be hidden from view easily. In Spain, however, glasses are very popular among all classes because they consider glasses make them look more important and dignified.
Far-sighted or aging colonial Americans importing glasses from Europe. Glasses are mainly for rich and literate colonists, who need valuable and valuable tools. Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s developed a bifocal. Bifocal lens slightly advanced in the first half of the 19th century. The terms bifocal and trifocal were introduced in London by John Isaac Hawkins, whose trifocal patented in 1827. In 1884 B. M. Hanna was granted patents on two bifocal forms that became commercial standards as bifocals "cemented" and "perfect". Both have serious errors of bad appearance, fragility, and collecting dirt at the dividing line. At the end of the 19th century, two parts of the lens were put together and not cemented. At the turn of the 20th century, there was a considerable increase in the use of bifocals.
Between 1781 and 1789, silver glasses with shear extension temples are being made in France; Yet it was not until the 19th century that they gained widespread popularity. John McAllister from Philadelphia began making glasses with a sliding temple containing a circular tip that was much easier to use with a popular wig. The loop complements the inadequacy of stability, by allowing the addition of a rope or band that can be tied behind the head, thus holding the glasses firmly in place.
In 1826, William Beecher moved to Massachusetts from Connecticut to set up an optical-jewelry manufacturing shop. The first ophthalmic cut she made was silver glasses, followed by blue steel. In 1869, the American Optical Company was established and acquired William Beecher's ownership. In 1849 J. J. Bausch immigrated to the United States from Germany. He has served an apprenticeship as an optician in his native land and has found work in Berne. His return for labor on a pair of full glasses equals six cents. Mr. Bausch had a difficult time in America from 1849 to 1861, when war broke out. When war prevents the import of eyeglass frames, the demand for its hard rubber skeleton is skyrocketing. Continuous expansion followed and a large Bausch and Lomb Company was formed.
The monokel, first called the "eye ring", was originally introduced in England in the early 19th century; although it had been developed in Germany during the 18th century. An Austrian young man named Johann Friedrich VoigtlÃÆ'¤nder studied optics in London and brought the monocle idea back to Germany with him. He began making monocles in Vienna around 1814 and fashion spread and took very strong roots in Germany and in Russia. The first monocle user is upper class people, who can explain the aura of monocellic arrogance that seems to give to the wearer. After World War I, the monokel fell into disrepute, its fall in the cognate realm accelerated, no doubt, by its relationship with the German military.
Lorgnette, two lenses in a user-held frame with lateral grip, is another 18th century development (by British George Adams). Lorgnette is almost certainly developed from the glass-shears, which are the double glasses on the handle. Since the two branches of the handle are united under the nose and appear to be cutting, they are known as binokles-ciseaux glasses or scissors. The English changed the size and shape of the glasses and produced a lorgnette. Frames and handles are often artistically decorated, as they are mostly used by women and more often as jewelry than as visual aids. Lorgnette maintained her popularity with the fashion ladies, who chose not to wear glasses. Lorgnette maintained its popularity until the end of the 19th century.
Pince-nez is believed to have appeared in the 1840s, but in the latter part of the century there is a huge rise in the popularity of prince-nez for men and women. Gentlemen wear whatever style suits them - heavy or smooth, round, or oval, straight, or sagging - usually on ribbons, ropes, or chains on the neck or against the collar. Women are more often than not wearing a frameless oval style on a fine gold chain that can be automatically rolled into a button-sized glasses holder embedded in the dress. Whatever the disadvantages of the prince-nez, it's comfortable.
In the 19th century, the responsibility for choosing the right lens, as it always did, with the customer. Even when opticians are asked to choose, it's often on a rather ordinary basis. Glasses are still available from the traveling salesman. Glasses with large round lenses and turtle shell frames were fashioned around 1914. Large round glasses and prince-nez continued to be worn in their twenties. In the 1930s there was an increasing emphasis on styling in glasses with various glasses available. Meta Rosenthal wrote in 1938 that the prince-nez is still worn by dowagers, headwaiters, old man, and several others. The lens glasses were worn by only a minority in the United States. Sunglasses, however, became very popular in the late 30s.
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Tools
Opticians use various tools to adjust, adjust and remove glasses, contact lenses and low vision aids.
Giving glasses requires the use of a focimeter, or a lensometer, to verify the correct prescription in glasses, directs and marks the uncut lenses, and to confirm correct lens fitting in the eyeglass frame. Certain eye lenses also have the ability to check contact lenses.
The parameters assessed by the lensometer are balls, cylinders, axes, adds, and in some cases, prisms. Lensometers are also used to check the accuracy of progressive lenses, and are often able to mark the center of the lens and various other measurements that are important for proper lens performance.
Another irreplaceable tool is the pupilometer. Pupilometer is a tool to measure interpupillary distance (IPD or PD) more accurately. This is used for fitting glasses so the lens is centered on the visual axis. This is the most common nomenclature. A pupilometer can be operated manually, or it may be digital. Pupilometers can also be used to verify PD measurements made by hand with millimeter rim. Pupilometers are best suited for better warranty in the installation of progressive lenses, and other special lenses, because even small errors cause eye strain. Pupilometer applications have also been developed for smart phones and tablets.
Contact lens adjustment and removal requires the use of additional equipment, all with very specific goals. Keratometer is a diagnostic tool for measuring the anterior curvature of the corneal surface, especially for assessing the extent and axis of astigmatism. It was invented by the French ophthalmologist Samuel Hankins in 1880. Opticians, such as ophthalmologists and ophthalmologists, also used a light-gap/bio-microscope to examine the anterior segment, or the frontal and posterior structures, of the human eye, eyes, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, natural crystal lenses, and cornea. The binocular slit-lamp examination provides a stereoscopically enlarged view of the eye structure in detail, allowing anatomical diagnosis to be made for various eye conditions.
When a patient sits in the examining chair, he places his chin and forehead on a support to stabilize his head. Using biomicroscope, the optician then proceeds to examine the patient's eyes. A fine sheet of paper, stained with fluorescein, a fluorescent dye, can be touched to the side of the eye; this tarnishes tear films on the surface of the eye to aid the examination. Dyes are naturally flushed from the eyes by tears. Adults do not need special preparation for exams; However, children may need preparation, depending on age, prior experience, and level of trust.
The list of equipment used by optical experts is very broad and often specified in the Professional Practice Standards jurisdiction. The College of Opticians of British Columbia standards serve as an example.
By country
Canada
All provinces in Canada require optical experts to complete formal training and education in optics and then have to pass a competency exam before receiving a government license. Some provinces (Ontario and Quebec) require a one-optical license that includes eyeglass and contact lens exposure, while the other province has two separate licenses, each for eyeglasses and contact lenses.
Recent changes to the British Columbia Opticians regulations allow qualified optical experts in the province to test people's vision and prepare an assessment of the corrective lens needed for clients. By using the assessment results, an optician is able to prepare and remove glasses or contact lenses. Opticians in Alberta are also permitted, under certain circumstances, to bias and prepare and remove glasses and contact lenses
Province setting organization
Each Canadian province has a Higher Education or Self-Regulatory Council which provides registration or licensing to its optical experts. Regulatory bodies ( often known as "Colleges" but separate from, and not to be confused with, educational institutions ) have a government mandate to protect the public. This includes enforcement of provincial laws (Opticians Act) and public awareness campaigns.
National Association of Canadian Opticianry Regulators (NACOR)
The National Association of Canadian Opticianry Regulators (NACOR) is the organization of all provincial opticianry watchdogs in Canada (except Quebec). NACOR also manages Canada's national opticianry examination (s). Since 2001, all jurisdictions (excluding Quebec) have approved and signed a Mutual Recognition Agreement between Opticianry Regulators that ensure labor mobility for all optics nationwide without the need for further inspection. All provinces (with the exception of Quebec) require individuals to obtain a pass mark in the national exam as a licensing requirement as an optician.
Although there is no Quebec participation in the National initiative, Canadian optical experts who move to Quebec may register and practice in the province provided they meet certain language requirements.
Provincial association
Most Canadian provinces have their own provincial opticianry association that takes care of the interests of its members at the provincial level, such as advocacy. Some provincial governing bodies have multiple roles or aims and also serve as associations for the province. In addition to protecting the interests of their members, provincial associations also undertake public interest initiatives such as providing vision screening for children at school, or holding professional development seminars.
Founded in 1989, the Opticians Association of Canada is a national organization of all provincial Opticianry Associations in Canada. The role of OAC is to advocate for the interests of opticians nationally.
Education
As a prerequisite for enrollment in every province in Canada, optical experts are required to complete a course at one of NACOR accredited teaching institutions. Persons from international jurisdictions may apply to the provincial inspection body for the assessment of their educational equality. Such applications are not unreasonably rejected.
Ghana
In Ghana, opticians are trained at the Optical Technicians Training Institute (OTTI) in Oyoko in Ashanti Region. This training program is organized into a 3-year diploma program. The diploma program replaces the 2 year certificate program. In the new 3-year diploma program, a semester of any duration of approximately 4 months, is spent on annexes each academic year. Currently, arrangements are being made for affiliates to be built with the Department of Optometry, KNUST. Currently there are about 100 optical experts in this country.
United Kingdom
Opticians or Dispensing Opticians are governed by the General Optical Council (GOC). An optician who provides dispensation advises, adapts and provides the most appropriate glasses after taking into account the visual, lifestyle and vocational needs of each patient. Optical expertise also plays an important role in the installation of contact lenses and advises and removes low vision aids for those who are partially visible and advise and provide to children if necessary.
The Association of British Dispensing Opticians (ABDO) is the body of qualification for optics in the UK (UK). Colleagues from British Dispensing Opticians (FBDO) are the basic qualifications for British optical experts. This qualification has been granted level 6 status (equivalent to BSc) by the Ofqual Welsh Assembly Government and the Council for Curriculum Examinations and Assessment (CCEA). Additional qualifications are Contact Lenses and Low Vision, rated at level 7 (equivalent to MSc).
United States
In the United States, an optician, through testing, may be certified by the American Board of Opticianry (ABO) to fill out prescriptions ordered by optometrists or ophthalmologists. Note: The ABO exam is not nationally recognized and does not indicate a license to practice as an optician. In about half the state, licensing is not a requirement to make or remove glasses. Many ophthalmologists make their own expenses, and often eye clinics have opticians in their places; or, conversely, for large optical chains to have an ophthalmologist in the office in their place.
Some optical experts study their skills through a formal training program. Professional engineering schools and two-year academics offer courses in optics. The two-year program usually gives an associate degree. The one-year program offers certificates. Training usually includes courses in optical math, optical physics, and the use of equipment and equipment. Other optical experts can intern to learn the skills needed. Many formal education programs will receive hours of work as apprentices to add or replace credit only.
United States associations of sorted table
Leading optical expert
- James Ayscough
- Carl Laubman
- John Jacob Bausch
- Henry Lomb
- Eugene Kalt
- Achim Leistner
See also
- Scientific optical equipment
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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