Turkey has been a secular state since it was founded by Mustafa Kemal AtatÃÆ'¼rk in 1923. He introduced the secularization of the state in the Turkish Constitution of 1924, together with the AtatÃÆ'¼rk Reformation. AtatÃÆ'¼rk never forbids the hijab, but actively prevents its use in public places. The hijab is banned in public institutions because of the 'public clothing regulations' issued after the 1980 coup and began to be radically implemented after a 1997 military memorandum. The ban on headscarves for civil servants was lifted by a package of democratization on 1 October 2013 and with amendments made in article 5 dress code, restricted provisions revoked. This corresponds to Kemalist Ideology, with a strict tool laÃÆ'¯citÃÆ' Â © in the constitution. The issue of the veil debate has been intense and controversial since its ban, along with other prominent religious symbols, in public buildings such as government institutions and public schools, similar to those in France and Mexico. Turkey is a secular country and more than 95% of its population are Muslim. This has resulted in clashes between those who supported the secular principles of the state, such as the Turkish Armed Forces, and religious conservatives as well as Islamists.
Video Headscarf rights in Turkey
Larangan jilbab
Under the constitutional principle of official secularism, the Turkish government has traditionally forbidden women who wear headscarves from working in the public sector. The prohibition applies to teachers, lawyers, parliamentarians, and others working in state offices. The ban on headscarves in civil service and educational and political institutions is expanded to include non-state institutions. Lawyers and women journalists who refused to obey the ban were expelled from public buildings such as courtrooms and universities.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the number of students wearing headscarves increased substantially and in 1984, the adoption of the hijab ban first applied to universities, but throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the ban was not enforced uniformly and many students are able to graduate. The ban on headscarves in public spaces, including schools and universities (public and private), courts of law, government offices and other official institutions, only for students, workers and civil servants. Therefore, mothers of students or visitors have no problem at all entering primary school, but they will not be able to work as teachers. Similarly, in a court of law, the prohibition involves only judges, lawyers, lawyers, and other workers. Wearing hijabs on photographs on official documents such as licenses, passports, and university registration documents is also prohibited. Universities and schools refuse to enroll female students unless they submit ID photos with their hair and neck.
A regulation on July 16, 1982 stipulates that: the dress and appearance of personnel working in public institutions; the rule that female civil servant heads should be revealed .
The interpretation of this law in 1997 extended the ban on wearing hijab at all universities in Turkey. The university's hijab controversy is the most contentious and has been an important element in Turkish politics since 2000.
Workplace
According to Country Reports 2007, women who wear headscarves and supporters are "disciplined or deprived of their jobs in the public sector" (US March 11, 2008, Sec. 2.c). Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that by the end of 2005, the Administrative High Court ruled that a teacher was not eligible for promotion at his school because he was wearing a headscarf off the job (January 2007). An immigration counselor at the Canadian Embassy in Ankara stated in an April 27, 2005 correspondence with the Directorate of Research that public servants are not allowed to wear the veil while on duty, but women who wear headscarves may be employed in the private sector. In an April 12, 2005 correspondence sent to the Directorate of Research, a professor of political science specializing in women's issues in Turkey at Bogazici University in Istanbul showed that women wearing headscarves "may be denied work in the private or government sector." In contrast, some municipalities with more traditional constituencies may attempt to recruit specifically women who wear headscarves (Professor 12 April 2005). The professor added, however, that women of hijab generally have difficulty obtaining positions as teachers, judges, lawyers, or doctors in public service (ibid.). More recent or reinforcing information about the hijab ban in public services can not be found among sources consulted by the Directorate of Research.
The London-based Sunday Times reports that while the ban officially applies only in public spaces, many private companies also avoid hiring women wearing headscarves (May 6, 2007). MERO notes that women wearing headscarves may find it more difficult to find a job or earn the desired wage (Apr. 2008), although this can not be corroborated among sources consulted by the Directorate of Research.
Medical care
According to the Sunday Times, the hijab is banned in Turkish hospitals, and doctors may not wear a headscarf at work (May 6, 2007). However, MERO reports that under Turkish rule today, it is seen by secularists to have a hidden religious agenda (The New York Times February 19, 2008; Washington Post February 26, 2008), doctors in several public hospitals have entered the place of wearing the hijab ( MERO April. 2008).
Professor of political science at the University of Bogazici in Turkey stated that, in addition to never finding cases where women wearing headscarves have been denied access to medical care in private or public medical centers, he feels that this will not happen. (April 12, 2005). The Immigration Counselor at the Canadian Embassy in Ankara stated that "women wearing headscarves have full access to medical care" (April 27, 2005), although news reports and NGO reports to the UN confirm that "women wearing hijab have been rejected medically, sick of Turkey. "
Maps Headscarf rights in Turkey
Controversial events
- In 1968, a university student, Hatice Babacan, refused to release her headscarf at the university building.
- In 1998, a Turkish student was banned for wearing the hijab at Istanbul University.
- In 2000, Nuray Bezirgan, a Turkish student, wore a hijab in her final exam. The Turkish court sentenced her to six months in prison for "hindering the education of others". The European Court of Human Rights upheld the ban in 2004, finding that the law does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights. In October 2006, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the university ban again, rejecting complaints filed by other Turkish university students.
- In May 1999, the ban on headscarves in the public sphere made headlines when Merve KavakÃÆ'§? was prevented from taking his oath in the National Assembly because he was wearing the hijab. He is a recently elected member of the newly elected Muslim Parliament of the Pro-Islamist Party of Virtue, and he rejects the demand for leaving the building. The secular opposition members protested by saying 'out' for 30 minutes, and the then prime minister, BÃÆ'¼lent Ecevit, accused him of violating the principles of secularism. A state prosecutor is investigating whether he will be tried to provoke religious hatred. He received much support from Iran, by Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati and hundreds of women demonstrating in support of the deputy. A few months later his Turkinian citizenship was revoked because he also held American citizenship. In October 2006, Turkish President Ahmet Necdet Sezer refused to allow AKP politicians whose wives wear the hijab to a ball that marks Turkish independence, saying it would harm and weaken the separation of mosques and states in Turkey.
- In March 2009, K? ymet ÃÆ' â € "zgÃÆ'¼r who is wearing ÃÆ'§ar? af (chador) was attacked by CHP members when he tried to get into the election bus of mayor Kemal K? l? ÃÆ'§§raro? lu in Istanbul. It was later reported that he was disguised to test a new party initiative.
- The CHP (Republican People's Party) leader Deniz Baykal shocked supporters by allowing those who wear ÃÆ'§ar? af (chador) to become a party member at the end of 2008. A startling move is seen as a strategy to attract conservative voters to a party. Some criticized Baykal's move as an attempt to move the party to the right.
Attempt to remove blocking
Prime Minister Erdo? Who campaigned in his winning campaign in 2007 with a pledge to lift a long-term ban on headscarves in public institutions. However, when the Turkish deputies voted in Parliament, tens of thousands of people protested outside for the ban.
On February 7, 2008, the Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the hijab at Turkish universities, arguing that many women would not seek education if they could not wear the hijab. The main political parties, the Justice and Development Party and the main opposition party, the Nationalist Movement Party claim that it is a matter of human rights and freedom. Parliament voted 403-107 (the majority of 79 per cent) supported the first amendment, which was incorporated into the constitution stating that everyone is entitled to equal treatment of state institutions. But the move resulted in opposition across Turkey. The state education board and many universities have vowed to oppose the new law. In addition, the pro-secular and main opposition parties of the Republican People's Party called on the constitutional court to block new legislation enacted, and view it as a movement toward an Islamic state. Thousands of protesters backing the ban also gathered near Parliament to oppose the government's move.
Lifting a canceled tire
On June 5, 2008, the Turkish Constitutional Court overturned the proposed parliamentary amendment intended to lift the headscarf ban, ruled that removing the ban was contrary to the basic principles of the constitution. The highest court's decision to enforce the hijab ban can not be appealed (AP 7 June 2008).
See also
- Leyla? ahin v. Turkey
- Islamic Clothing in Europe
- Islam and clothing
- Islam in Turkey
- Secularism in Turkey
- Religious freedom in Turkey
- Merve KavakÃÆ'§?
- Snow (Novel Pamuk)
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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