Evidence of bikini-style women's clothing has been found as early as 5600 BC, and bikini history can be traced back to that era. Illustrations of women dressed in bikini-like clothing during competitive athletic events in the Roman era have been found in several locations, the most famous of which is at Villa Romana del Casale. Partly because of the material quota after World War II, French engineer Louis RÃÆ' Ã… © ard introduced a modern bikini, modeled by Micheline Bernardini, on July 5, 1946, borrowing a name for its design from Bikini Atoll, where postwar testing in the atom bomb was occurring.
French women welcomed the draft but the Catholic Church, some media, and the public majority initially thought that the design was lewd or even embarrassing. Contestants in the first Miss World beauty contest wore it in 1951, but the bikini was then banned from the competition. Actress Brigitte Bardot drew attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the Cannes Film Festival in 1953. Other actresses, including Rita Hayworth and Ava Gardner, also received press attention when they were wearing bikinis. During the early 1960s, designs appeared on the cover of Playboy and Sports Illustrated, providing additional legitimacy. Ursula Andress made a big impact when she emerged from the waves wearing what is now an iconic bikini in the James Bond film. Nothing (1962). Deer deer Raquel Welch wearing in the film One Million Years B.C. (1966) turned it into an international sex symbol and was described as the definitive look of the 1960s.
Bikini gradually grew to gain widespread acceptance in Western society. According to the French fashion historian, Olivier Saillard, bikinis are probably the most popular female beachwear type worldwide because of "female power, and not fashion power". As she explained, "The swimwear exemption is always associated with women's emancipation." In the early 2000s, bikinis have become business worth 811 million US dollars every year, and encourage spin-off services such as waxing bikinis and sun tanning.
Video History of the bikini
In ancient times
Pre-Roman
In the Chalcolithic era around 5600 BC, the mother-goddess ÃÆ'â € atalhÃÆ'¶yÃÆ'¼k, a large ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, depicted straddling two leopards while wearing costumes like a bikini. The two-piece suit worn by women for athletic purposes is depicted in Greek urns and paintings dating from 1400 BC. The ancient Greek active ladies wore a belt called mastodeton or apodesmos, which continued to be used as undergarments in the Middle Ages. While people in ancient Greece left perizomes , some high-cut pants and partially loincloths, women and acrobats continued to wear them.
Roman
Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305 AD) at Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily, excavated by Gino Vinicio Gentili in 1950-60, describes women in bikini-like clothing on a mosaic on the floor. The pictures of ten women, dubbed "Bikini Girls", exercising in clothing that will pass as bikinis today, are the mosaics most replicated among 37 million colored tiles on the site. In the "Victory Coronation" artwork performed on the mosaic floor in the Room of the Ten Girls ( Sala delle Dieci Ragazze in Italian) bikini girls are depicted heavy lifting, throwing discs, and running. Some of the activities described have been described as dancing, because their bodies resemble dancers rather than athletes. The coronation in the mosaic title comes from a woman in a toga with a crown in her hand and one of the girls holding a palm leaf. Some academics argue that the Eros image nearby, the god of lust, love, and primordial sexual intercourse, added later, shows the owner's propensity and strengthens the bikini association with eroticism. Similar mosaics have been found in Tellaro in northern Italy and Patti, another part of Sicily. Prostitution, skimpy clothing and associated athletic bodies in ancient Rome, when pictures found female sex workers exercising with dumbbell/clappers and other equipment wearing costumes similar to Bikini Girls.
Charles Seltman, a colleague of Queens' College, Cambridge, curator of the Archaeological Museum there and an editor of The Cambridge Ancient History, described a chapter entitled "New Woman" in his book Women in Antiquity with a 1950s model wearing a bikini that is identical to a 4th-century mosaic of Piazza Armerina as part of a fraternity between a bikini-ancient Greco-Roman athlete and a modern woman. A mosaic photo was used by Sarah Pomeroy, the Classical Professor at Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, in the 1994 British edition of his book Goddess, Prostitute, Wife, and Slave to emphasize similar identification. According to archaeologist George M.A. Hanfmann bikini girls make observers who learn to realize "how modern the ancients".
In ancient Rome, the bikini-style base, the wrapped loincloth or leather, is called a sublime or sublicacular ("small binding under"), while a bunch of cloth or leather to support breasts are called strophium or mamillare . Bikini girls exercising from Piazza Armerina wear sublime pants, minimal pants made as tiny versions of a perichoma man, and strophium bands about breasts, often referred to in the literature as just fascia , which can mean any type of bandage. Observations of artifacts and experiments show the bands have to be wrapped a few times around the breasts, mostly to flatten them in a style popular with flappers in the 1920s. This Greco-Roman breasts may have flattened large breasts and small breasts are tender to look bigger. The evidence shows regular use. The "bikini girls" from Piazza Armerina, some of whom sport a bra-like appearance from the late 20th century, do not portray any tendency of such popularity in style. One underside, made of leather, of Roman Britain was discovered in the first century at an AD well in London, "Agency in the London Museum", 1998-11-01 & lt;/ref & gt; There is no evidence that this bikini to swim or sunbathe.
Finding mainly in Pompeii shows the so-called Venus goddess Roman wearing a bikini. A statue called Venus in a bikini is found in a cupboard in the southwest corner at Casa della Venere, the other found in the vestibule. A statue called Venus has been found from the Julia Felix home tab, and another from the atrium in the park on Via Dell'Abbondanza. Naples National Archaeological Museum, which opened a more explicit exhibit display limited gallery in 2000, also showcased "Venus in Bikini". However, the National Archaeological Museum of Naples strongly wants to emphasize that this statue really depicts its Greek counterpart, Aphrodite as he will unlock his sandals, a common theme among other works depicting Aphrodite. The museum exhibits include sculptures of women wearing old gold, basque and trousers. The Kings of Naples discovered this Pompeii artifact, including a nearly-meter-high Venus statue painted purple with something like a modern bikini. They found them so surprising that for a long time the secret room was opened only to "adults of safe morals". Even after the doors are opened, only 20 visitors must be received at a time, and children under 12 are not allowed into the new section of the museum without the consent of their parents or teachers.
There are references to bikinis in ancient literature as well. Ovid, the author of the ratings alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three Latin-canonical literature poets, suggests a belt or long strip of cloth wrapped around the breast and tucked at the end, is a good place to hide the love letters. Martial, a Latin poet from Hispania published between AD 86 and 103, quipped a female athlete whom he named Philaenis, who played balls in bikini-like clothes quite bluntly, making him drink, canyon and vomit in large numbers and hinted at his lesbianism. In an epigram about Chione, Martial strangely mentions sex workers who go to the baths in bikinis, while it's more natural not to dress. Theodora, the 6th century Byzantine emperor, wore a bikini when he appeared as an actress before he captured the heart of Emperor Justinian I.
There is evidence of an ancient Roman woman playing expulsim ludere , an early version of a handball, dressed in a costume that has been identified as a bikini.
Maps History of the bikini
Interval
Between classic bikinis and modern bikinis there has been a long pause. Swimming or bathing outdoors is not recommended in Christian West and there is little need for swimwear or swimming until the 18th century. The 18th-century bath gown is a long-sleeved long-sleeved dress made of wool or flannel, so decency or decency is not threatened. In the first half of the upper 19th century it became kneeling while an ankle drawer was added as the bottom. In the second half of the 19th century, in France, arms began to disappear, the bottom became shorter to reach only the knee and the top became hip length and both became more fitting. In the 1900s women wore a woolen dress on the beach made up of 9 yards (8.2 m) of cloth. The standard swimsuit developed into a modern bikini in the first half of the 20th century.
Breakthrough
In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer, Annette Kellerman, was arrested on the Boston coast for wearing a sleeveless, one-piece sleeveless knitwear that covered her body from neck to foot, the costume she adopted from England, even though her bathing suit was acceptable to women in some parts of Europe in 1910. Even in 1943, Kellerman's swimsuit images were produced as evidence of indecency at Esquire v. Walker, Postmaster General . But "Harper's Bazaar" wrote in June 1920 (volume 55, No. 6, p. 138) - "Annette Kellerman Bathing Attire is distinguished by the unparalleled and bold beauty that always remains perfected." The following year , in June 1921 (vol. 54, no. 2504, p.Ã, 101), they wrote that these swimsuits were "famous... because they were perfect and beautiful, the beauty of a plastic line."
The women's pool was introduced at the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1913, designer Carl Jantzen made the first two-piece functional swimwear, one piece fitted with shorts at the bottom and short sleeves on top. Silent films such as The Water Nymph (1912) saw Mabel Normand in open clothes, and this was followed by a bold outfit of Sennett Bathing Beauties (1915-1929). The name "swimsuit" was invented in 1915 by Jantzen Knitting Mills, a sweater manufacturer that launched a swimwear brand called Red Diving Girl. The first annual bath day at Madison Square Garden of New York in 1916 was a landmark. Apron swimsuit, design for the initial bathing suit, disappeared in 1918, leaving the tunic covering the shorts.
During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking water" to "enjoying the sun", in baths and spas, and swimwear designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporating more decorative features. Rayon was used in 1920 in the manufacture of tight swimwear, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic, with jersey and silk also sometimes used. Players burlesque and vaudeville wore two-piece clothing in the 1920s. The 1929 film "Man with a Movie Camera" shows Russian women wearing an initial two-piece swimsuit that exposes their belly, and some are topless. Movies of tourists in Germany in the 1930s showed women wearing two-piece suits,
Neck and hilt
In the 1930s, the neckline fell on the back, the arms disappeared and the sides were cut and tightened. With the development of new clothing materials, especially latex and nylon, through the 1930s bathing suit gradually began to embrace the body, with a shoulder strap that could be lowered for tanning. Women's swimsuits from the 1930s and 1940s included increased levels of exposure in the abdomen. Coco Chanel makes fashionable sunbathing, and in 1932 the French designer Madeleine Vionnet offered an open belly in the evening gown. They were spotted a year later in Gold Diggers of 1933 . The 1934 Busby Berkeley Footlight Parade film featured aquachoreography featuring bikinis. Dorothy Lamour's The Hurricane (1937) also showed a two-piece swimsuit.
The 1934 film, Fashions of 1934 features a choir girl wearing two pieces of clothing that looks identical to a modern bikini. In 1934, a National Recreation Association study on the use of leisure found that swimming, driven by the freedom of movement of new swimwear designs provided, was second only to the popularity of the film as a free time activity from a list of 94 activities. In 1935, American designer Claire McCardell cut off the side panels of maillot-style suits, a bikini pioneer. The 1938 discovery of the Telescopic Watersuit in the shirred elastic cotton ushered into the end of the woolen era. Cotton sun-tops, printed with palm trees, and silk or rayon pajamas, usually with blouse tops, became popular in 1939. Wartime production during World War II required large quantities of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. In 1942, the United States War Production Council passed the Regulation of L-85, cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and required a 10% reduction in the amount of cloth in women's swimsuits. To comply with the rules, the swimsuit manufacturer produced a two-piece suit by using the underside of the abdomen.
Postwar
The shortage of cloth continued for some time after the end of the war. Two-piece swimsuits without the usual skirt panels and other excess materials began to appear in the US when the government ordered a 10% reduction on the cloth used in women's swimsuits in 1943 as wartime allotment. At that time, two-piece swimsuits often appeared on the coast of America. The 9th of July 1945,
American designer Adele Simpson, winner of the American Coty Criticism Award (1947) and a renowned alumni of the New York Pratt Institute art school, who believes clothing should be comfortable and practical, designs most of his swimsuits with a single piece of clothing that is considered fashionable even in the early 1980s, an. This is when the Cole of California began to market express clothing banning and Catalina Swimwear introduced a nearly bare design. Teen magazines in the late 1940s and 1950s featured clothing designs and mid-abdominal cuts. However, the clothing of the headwaters is stated only for beaches and informal events and is considered obscene in public. Hollywood supports new glamor with films like Neptune's Daughter (1949) in which Esther Williams wore provocative costumes named like "Double Entender" and "Honey Child". Williams, also the Amateur Athletic Union champion in the 100m freestyle (1939) and Olympic swimming finalist (1940), also played Kellerman in the 1952 Million Dollar Mermaid movie (titled as The One Piece Bathing Suit in the UK).
Swimsuits of the 1940s, 50s and early 60s followed mostly silhouettes from the early 1930s. Staying in line with Dior's ultra-feminine look, it evolves into a dress with stringed belts and bustlines, fitted with earrings, bracelets, hats, scarves, sunglasses, handbags and covers. Many of these pre-bikinis have preferred names like Double Entender, Honey Child (to maximize small chest), Shipshape (to minimize large chest), Diamond Lil (trimmed with rhinestones and lace), Swimming In Mink (trimmed with feathers all over the corset) and Spearfisherman (heavy poplin with belt straps to carry a knife), Beau Catcher, Leading Lady, Pretty Foxy, Side Issue, Forecast, and Fabulous Fit. According to Vogue swimwear has become more of a "dressing state, not clothing" in the mid-1950s.
Modern bikini
French fashion designer Jacques Heim, who owns a beach shop in the French Riviera resort town, introduced a minimalist two-part design in May 1946 which he named "Atome," after the smallest known particle. The bottom of the design is large enough to cover the navel of the wearer.
At the same time, Louis RÃ © mard, a French automotive and mechanical engineer, runs his mother's clothing business near Les Folies BergÃÆ'¨res in Paris. He watched the woman on the shore of St. Tropez rolled up the tips of their swimsuits to get a better brown color and was inspired to produce a more minimal design. He trimmed the extra fabric from the bottom of the swimsuit, exposing the wearer's navel for the first time. The bikini string RÃÆ' Â © ard consists of four triangles made of 30 inches square (194 cm 2 ) of printed cloth with newspaper patterns.
When RÃÆ'Â © ard searched for a model to wear his designs at his press conference, there was no regular model of the suit, so he hired 19-year-old stripper Micheline Bernardini from Casino de Paris. He introduced his designs to the media and public on July 5, 1946, in Paris at Piscine Molitor, a public swimming pool in Paris. RÃÆ' Â © ard held a five-day press conference after the first test of a nuclear device (dubbed Can ) above Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads. His swimwear design shocked the press and the public because it was the first to reveal the wearer's navel.
To promote his new design, Heim hired a skywriter writer to fly over the Mediterranean resort advertising Atome as "the world's smallest swimsuit." Not to be outdone by Heim, RÃÆ'Ã… © ard hired his own writer three weeks later to fly over the French Riviera advertising his design as "smaller than the world's smallest swimwear."
The Heim design is the first worn on the beach, but the name given by RÃÆ' Â © is broken with the public. Despite significant social resistance, RÃÆ' Â © ard received over 50,000 letters from fans. He also embarked on a bold advertising campaign that told the public the two-piece swimsuit was not the original bikini "unless it can be pulled through a wedding ring." According to Kevin Jones, curator and fashion historian at Fashion Institute of Design & amp; Merchandising, "RÃÆ' Â © erard precedes about 15 to 20 years, only women in the front row, mostly upper European women who embrace him."
Social resistance
Sales of bikinis do not rise around the world because women stick to traditional two-piece swimsuits. RÃÆ' Â © erard came back to design the underwear that was commonly sold in his mother's shop. According to Kevin Jones, curator and fashion historian at Fashion Institute of Design & amp; Merchandising, "RÃÆ' Â © erard precedes about 15 to 20 years, only women in the front row, mostly upper European women who embrace him, just like the upper European women who first took off their corsets after MY WAR." It is banned on the Atlantic coast of France, Spain, Belgium and Italy, three neighboring France, as well as Portugal and Australia, and it is banned in some US states, and discouraged in other countries.
In 1951, the first Miss World contest (originally the Festival Bikini Contest ), was hosted by Eric Morley. When the winner, Kiki HÃÆ' Â¥ kansson from Sweden, was crowned in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened to attract delegates. HÃÆ'  ¥ kansson remains the first and last Miss World to be crowned in a bikini, a crown condemned by Pope Pius XII who declared her bathing suit to be sinful. Bikinis are banned from beauty contests around the world after the controversy. In 1949, the Los Angeles Times reported that Miss America Bebe Shopp on a visit to Paris said she did not approve bikinis for American girls, although she did not mind the French girls wearing them. The actresses in movies like My Favorite Brunette (1947) and the 1948 cover model of LIFE are featured in a traditional two-piece swimsuit instead of a bikini.
In 1950, Time magazine interviewed American swimsuit sweater Fred Cole, owner of Cole of California, and reported that he was "a little but a mock for the famous French Bikinis," because they were designed for "little Gaul women". "French girls have short legs," he explained, "Swimwear should be raised on the sides to make their legs look longer." Raffard himself describes it as a two-piece swimwear that "reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden name." Even Esther Williams commented, "Bikini is an unwise act." However, the popularity of the queen charm of Pin-up and Hollywood Williams stars will vanish along with pre-bikinis with fancy names over the next few decades. Australian designer Paula Straford introduced the bikini to the Gold Coast in 1952. In 1957, Das moderne MÃÆ'¤dchen ( The Modern Girl ) wrote, "It is unthinkable that a girl who worthy to be wise to use such a thing. "Eight years later a Munich student was sentenced to six days of clean-up work in an old house because he was walking down the central square of Viktualienmarkt, Munich wearing a bikini.
Cannes Connection
Despite the controversy, some in France admire the "naughty girl who adorns the sun-drenched beach". Brigitte Bardot, photographed wearing similar clothes on the beach during the Cannes Film Festival (1953) helped popularize bikinis in Europe in the 1950s and created markets in the US. Bardot's photos in bikini, according to The Guardian , turned Saint-Tropez into the world's bikini capital. Cannes plays an important role in Brigitte Bardot's career, which in turn plays an important role in promoting the Festival, especially by starting a photographed trend in a bikini on his first appearance at the festival, with Bardot identified as the original Cannes beauty bath. In 1952, she wore a bikini in Manina, Girl in Bikini (1952) (released in France as Manina, la fille sans voiles), a film that caught the attention of many. attention due to his rare bathing suit. During the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, she worked with her husband and agent Roger Vadim, and garnered much attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France.
As Esther Williams did a decade earlier, Betty Grable, Marilyn Monroe and Brigitte Bardot all used swimwear that revealed as a career props to enhance their sex appeal, and it became more accepted in some parts of Europe when worn by actress "goddess love "fifties like Bardot, Anita Ekberg and Sophia Loren. British actress Diana Dors has a mink bikini made for her during the Venice Film Festival of 1955 and put it on a gondola on the Grand Canal of Venice past St. Mark's Square.
In Spain, Benidorm plays a similar role as Cannes. Shortly after the bikini was banned in Spain, Pedro Zaragoza, the mayor of Benidorm convinced dictator Francisco Franco that his city needed to legalize a bikini to attract tourists. In 1959, General Franco agreed and the city became a popular tourist destination. Interestingly, in less than four years since Franco's death in 1979, the coast and ladies of Spain have gone topless.
Legal and moral prisoners
The swimsuit was declared sinful by the Vatican and banned in Spain, Portugal and Italy, three neighboring countries of France, as well as Belgium and Australia, and remains banned in many US states. At the end of 1959, Anne Cole, US swimsuit designer and daughter of Fred Cole, said of Bardot's bikini, "It's nothing more than a G-string, it's at the end of a razor courtesy." In July of that year New York Post searched for bikinis around New York City and only found a mate. Author Meredith Hall writes in his memoir that until 1965 one could get a quote for wearing a bikini in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire.
In 1951, the first Miss World contest, originally the Bikini Contest Festival, was hosted by Eric Morley as a medieval ad for swimwear at the British Festival. The press welcomed the spectacle and referred to it as Miss World , and Morley registered the name as a trademark. When, winner Kiki HÃÆ' Â¥ kansson of Sweden, was crowned in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened to attract delegates. Bikinis are banned and evening dresses are introduced instead. HÃÆ'  ¥ kansson remains the only Miss World crowned in a bikini, a crown praised by the Pope. Bikinis are banned from beauty contests around the world after the controversy. Majority Catholic countries such as Belgium, Italy, Spain and Australia also banned swimsuits in the same year.
The National Legion of Decency presses Hollywood to keep bikinis from showing in Hollywood movies. Hays production code for US films, introduced in 1930 but not strictly enforced until 1934, allowed two pieces of gown but banned navel on screen. However, between the introduction and enforcement of two Tarzan films, Tarzan, Monkey Man (1932) and Tarzan and His Mate (1934), released where actress Maureen O'Sullivan wore clothing skin like a bikini is minimal. Film historian Bruce Goldstein describes his outfit in the first film as "It's a sideways opening, you can see the waist." All at sea was allowed in the United States in 1957 after all bikini-type outfits were removed from the film. Girls in bikinis were allowed in Kansas after all the close-up bikinis were removed from the movie in 1959.
In reaction to the introduction of bikinis in Paris, American swimwear manufacturers compromised with caution by producing their own similar designs that included variations of dumbbell and lower abdominal variations. Although the size makes all the difference in the bikini, the early bikinis often cover the navel. When the navel appears in the picture, it is airbrushed by a magazine like Seventeen . Women without a belly button ensure the early dominance of European bikini makers over their American counterparts. By the end of the decade, a fashion for a strapless style was developed, wired or tied for firmness and conformity, along with a taste for two shoulder pieces called Little Sinners. But, it's a halterneck bikini that causes the most moral controversy because of its exposure level. So much so that bikini designs called "Huba Huba" and "Revealation" were pulled from the fashion parade in Sydney as being rude.
Increase in popularity
The appearance of bikini continues to increase both on screen and outside. Sex appeal encourages film and television production, including Dr. Strangelove . They include surf movies in the early 1960s. In 1960, Brian Hyland's song "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" inspired the action of bikini purchasing. In 1963, the movie Beach Beach, starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon, was followed by the Muscle Beach Party (1964), Bikini Beach (1964) , and Beach Blanket Bingo (1965) depicting teenage girls in bikinis, playing in sand with boys, and having fun.
The beach movies lead the wave of films that make bikini-bikini pop symbols. In the sexual revolution in the 1960s, bikinis became popular quickly. Hollywood stars such as Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, Gina Lollobrigida, and Jane Russell helped increase the popularity of bikinis. Pin-up poster Monroe, Mansfield, Hayworth, Bardot, and Raquel Welch also contributed significantly to the increase in popularity. In 1962, Playboy featured the bikini on its cover for the first time. Two years later, Sports Illustrated featured a fashion model born in Berlin, Babette March on the cover wearing a white bikini. The problem is the first Swimsuit Issue. It gives the legitimacy of bikinis, into annual publications and American pop-culture sticks, and sells millions of copies every year. In 1965, a woman told Time that it was "almost square" to not wear it. In 1967, the magazine wrote that 65% of "young couples" were wearing bikinis.
When Jayne Mansfield and her husband MiklÃÆ'Â © Hargitay toured for stage performances, the newspaper wrote that Mansfield assured the rural population that he had more bikinis than anyone. He showed enough breasts measuring 40 inches (1,000 mm), as well as his stomach and legs, in a tiger-shaped bikini he wore for his stage performances. Kathryn Wexler of The Miami Herald wrote, "At first as we know, there is Jayne Mansfield, where she pokes in a leopard or striped bikini, sucking air to show off her recorded physical assets with good. "Her leopard bikini skin remains one of the earliest specimens of fashion.
In 1962, Bond Girl Ursula Andress emerged from the sea wearing a white bikini at Dr. There is no. The scene has been crowned as one of the most memorable series. Channel 4 states it's the top bikini moment in film history, Virgin Media puts the ninth in the top ten, and top in Bond girls. The Herald (Glasgow) puts the best scene based on the poll. It also helps shape Ursula Andress's career, and the look of a classic Bond film. Andress said that he owed his career to the white bikini, commenting, "This bikini made me a success.As a result of starring Dr. No as the first Bond girl, I was given the freedom to take a pick of future roles and become financially independent. "In 2001, Dr. No bikini worn by Andress in the movie sold at auction for US $ 61,500. The white bikini has been described as "a decisive moment in the eroticism screen liberalization". Due to the shocking effect of how revealed it was at the time, he was referred by the nickname "Ursula Undress". According to the British Broadcasting Corporation, "So the icon is a display that was repeated 40 years later by Halle Berry in the movie Bond Die Another Day ."
Raquel Welch's fur bikini in One Million Years B.C. (1966) gave the world the most iconic bikini image of all time and poster images became an iconic moment in the history of cinema. Drawing posters of deerkin bikinis in One Million Years B.C. making it an instant pin-up girl. Welch was featured in a studio ad as "wearing the first human bikini" and the bikini was later described as "the definitive look of the 1960s". His role wearing a leather bikini lifting Welch into a fashion icon and a picture of himself in a bikini being the best-selling pinup poster. One writer says, "although he only has three lines in the film, his beautiful figure in a feather bikini makes him a star and the dream girl of millions of young audiences". In 2011, Time enrolled the Welch bikini B.C in the "Big Ten Bikinis in Pop Culture".
In the 1983 film The Return of Jedi , Princess Star Wars' Leia Organa was captured by Jabba the Hutt and forced to wear a metal bikini complete with shackles. The costume is made of brass and so uncomfortable that actress Carrie Fisher describes it as "what ultimately will be worn by supermodels on the seventh hell ring." The look of "slave Leia" is often imitated by female fans at the Star Wars convention. In 1997, 51 years after the bikini debut, and 77 years after the Miss America Pageant was established, contestants were allowed to wear two-piece swimwear, not just swimsuits (nicknamed "bulletproof vests") traditionally issued by the contest. Two of 17 swimwear finalists wore two-piece swimsuits, and Erika Kauffman, representing Hawaii, wore the shortest bikini of all and won a swimsuit competition. In 2010, the Federation of International Bodybuilders recognized Bikini as a new competitive category.
In India
Bollywood actress Sharmila Tagore appeared in her bikini at An Evening in Paris (1967), a film mostly remembered for the first bikini appearance of an Indian actress. He also posed in a bikini for the shiny Filmfare magazine. The costume shocked conservative Indian audiences, but also created the trend of bikini actresses brought by Parveen Pig (in Yeh Nazdeekiyan , 1982), Zeenat Aman (in Heera Panna i> 1973 ; Qurbani , 1980) and Dimple Kapadia (in Bobby , 1973) in the early 1970s. Wearing a bikini puts his name in the Indian press as one of the top ten hottest Bollywood actress of all time, and is a violation of female identity through a reversal of modesty, which serves as a marker of femininity in Bombay movies. In 2005, it became common for actors in Indian films to change their clothes a dozen times in a single song - starting with a chiffon sari and ending up wearing a bikini. However, when Tagore was chairman of the Central Board of Film Certification in 2005, he expressed concerns about the appearance of bikinis in Indian films.
Reception
In France, the company RÃ © Å ard folded in 1988, four years after his death. In that year the bikini made almost 20% of the swimsuit sales, more than any other model in the US. As skin cancer awareness grew and a simpler aesthetic mode in the 1990s, bikini mini sales dropped dramatically. The new swimwear code is symbolized by surfing star Malia Jones, who appeared on the June 1997 issue of Shape Magazine wearing a top two top for rough water. However, after the 90's, the bikini came back again. US market research firm NPD Group reported that sales of two-piece national swimwear jumped 80% in two years. On one hand, one-piece made a great comeback in the 1980s and early 1990s, in other bikinis being shortened with string bikinis in the 1970s and 80s.
The " -kini family" (as dubbed by author William Safire), including " -ini sister" (as nicknamed by designer Anne Cole) has grown to include large number of subsequent variations, often with funny lexicon - string bikini, monokini or numokini (top missing), seekini (transparent bikini), tankini (tank top, bikini bottom), camikini (top and bottom bikini camisole), hikini, thong, slingshot, minimini, teardrop, and micro. In just one major fashion event in 1985, there was a two-piece suit with the top of the cut tanks instead of the usually bare ribbon ribbons, the suit made from the bikini in front and the one on the back, the suspenders, the ruffles, and the cutouts dangle. To meet the rapidly changing tastes, some manufacturers have been making business from making made-to-order bikinis in about seven minutes. The most expensive bikini in the world, comprised of over 150 carats (30 grams) of flawless diamonds and worth  £ 20 million, was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen.
Actresses in action films such as Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003) and Blue Crush (2002) have made two parts of the "millenium equivalent of suit power", according to Gina Bellafonte of The New York Times On September 9, 1997, Miss Maryland Jamie Fox was the first contestant in 50 years to compete in a two-piece swimsuit to compete in the Preliminary Swimsuit Competition at the Miss America Pageant. PETA uses celebrities such as Pamela Anderson, Traci Bingham and Alicia Mayer wearing bikinis made of iceberg lettuce for an advertising campaign to promote vegetarianism. A protester from Columbia University used a bikini as a message board against a New York City visit by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
By the end of this century, bikinis have become the most popular bathing suits in the world, according to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard for "women's power, not fashion power". When she explains, "Swimwear exemption is always associated with women's emancipation," although one survey said 85% of all bikinis never touched water. According to Beth Dincuff Charleston, a co-researcher at the Institute of Costume of the Metropolitan Art Museum, "Bikini represents a social leap involving body awareness, moral concern, and sexual attitudes." By the early 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business each year, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company. Bikini has improved spin-off services such as bikini waxing and the solar tanning industry.
Advanced controversy
Bikinis remain a hot topic for news media. In May 2011, Barcelona, ​​Spain made it illegal to wear bikinis in public places except in areas near the coast. Offenders face fines between 120 and 300 euros. In 2012, two students from St. Theresa's College in Cebu, Philippines is prohibited from attending their graduation ceremony for "sufficient body exposure" because of their bikini pictures posted on Facebook. The students sued the college and won a temporary stay in the county court.
In May 2013, Cambridge University banned Wyverns Club of Magdalene College from organizing annual bikini jelly wrestling. In June 2013, actress Gwyneth Paltrow, also interested in fashion, produces bikinis for her clothing line designed to be worn by girls aged 4 to 8. He was criticized for vilifying young people by Claude Knight of Kidscape, a British foundation that seeks to prevent child abuse. He commented, "We remain very opposed to the sexualization of children and childhood... it is unfortunate that such trends continue and that they carry celebrity endorsements."
Four women were arrested during the 2013 Memorial Day weekend in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina for indecent exposure when they were wearing a bikini thong that exposed their ass. In June 2013, the British watchdog, the Advertising Standards Authority, prohibited an advertisement showing the men in the office fantasizing about their colleagues, played by Pamela Anderson, wearing a bikini for degrading women.
References
External links
- "Bikini Timeline", Los Angeles Times
- Bikini Science - Comprehensive History of Bikinis and Clothes Species
- Cole of California and bikini history
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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