Zhao Yun (d. 229), the honorific name Zilong , was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and the period of the early Three Kingdoms of China. Originally a subordinate of the northern warlord Gongsun Zan, Zhao Yun then came to serve another warlord, Liu Bei, and has since accompanied him in most of his military exploits, from the Changban Battle (208) to the Hanzhong Campaign (217-219). ). He continues to serve in Shu Han state - founded by Liu Bei in 221 - in the Three Kingdoms period and participates in the first Northern Expedition until his death in 229. While many facts about Zhao Yun's life remain unclear because of limited information in historical sources, some aspects and activities in his life have been dramatized or exaggerated in folklore and fiction, especially in the historical novel of the 14th century Romance of the Three Kingdoms, where he is praised as a member of the Five Generals of Tigers under Liu Bei.
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Zhao Yun's original biography of the Three Kingdoms Sanguozhi , written by Chen Shou in the third century, is only 346 Chinese characters. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi added the annotation of Zhao Yun Biezhuan to Zhao Yun's biography in Sanguozhi i>, gives a relatively clearer picture of Zhao Yun's life, though still incomplete.
Maps Zhao Yun
Initial career under Gongsun Zan
Zhao Yun is from Zhending County (???), Commander of Changshan (???), which lies to the south of Zhengding County, Hebei. The Zhao Yun Biezhuan describes his physical appearance as follows: eight chi high (about 1.85 meters), with a magnificent and impressive appearance.
After receiving a recommendation from the Changshan Command Administrator to serve in the government, Zhao Yun leads a small group of volunteers to join Gongsun Zan, a warlord in your Province. Around that time, warlord Yuan Shao had improved in fame after his recent appointment as Governor of Ji Province, so Gongsun Zan worried that many people in your Province would choose to serve under Yuan Shao instead of him.
When Zhao Yun appeared with his volunteers, Gongsun Zan asked him to mock: "I heard that everyone in your home province wants to serve Yuan Why did you change your mind, and decide to correct your mistakes?" Zhao Yun replied: "The Empire is in a state of chaos and it is unclear who is right and who is wrong The people are in danger They in my home province, after careful consideration, decided to follow a ruling king by virtue. Therefore, I chose to join you, General, not Lord Yuan. "Gongsun Zan then accepted it. Zhao Yun then fights on Gongsun Zan's side in multiple battles against rival troops.
Meet Liu Bei
Around the early 190's, Zhao Yun met Liu Bei, who took refuge under Gongsun Zan at the time. Zhao Yun became very close to Liu Bei and wanted to change his loyalty to Liu Bei. When Gongsun Zan sent Liu Bei to help his allies, Tian Kai, in the battle against Yuan Shao, Zhao Yun followed Liu Bei and served as a cavalry officer under Liu Bei.
When Zhao Yun received the news of his brother's death, he asked for temporary leave from Gongsun Zan to mourn his brother. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun would not return to Gongsun Zan after leaving, so he held Zhao Yun's hand while saying goodbye to him. Before leaving, Zhao Yun told Liu Bei: "I will never abandon my moral principles."
Services under Liu Bei
In early 200, after Liu Bei lost his base in Xu Province (including parts of present-day Jiangsu and southeastern Shandong) to his rival Cao Cao, he fled north across the Yellow River and sought refuge under Yuan Shao, Cao Cao's rival. Around the same time, Zhao Yun also came to Ye (now Handan, Hebei), the headquarters of Yuan Shao, where he met Liu Bei again. Zhao Yun and Liu Bei shared the same room during their stay at Ye.
Liu Bei secretly ordered Zhao Yun to help him gather hundreds of people willing to follow him, and claimed that they served under the Left General (???). Yuan Shao did not realize this. Zhao Yun then accompanied Liu Bei and his followers when they left Yuan Shao and went south to join Liu Biao, the governor of Jing County (covering Hubei and Hunan at this time).
Saving Xiahou Lan
In 202, when Cao Cao was campaigning in northern China against the sons of Yuan Shao and his allies, Liu Bei made use of Cao Cao's absence to launch an attack on Cao Cao region in central China. Cao Cao sent his generals Xiahou Dun and the others to lead the army against Liu Bei.
During the battle, Zhao Yun captures Xiahou Lan (???), an old friend who came from the same hometown as him. He requested that Liu Bei save Xiahou Lan's life and recommend Xiahou Lan to serve as a military judge because she knew that Xiahou Lan had knowledge of the law. Zhao Yun was commended for being careful and careful when he maintained a professional relationship with Xiahou Lan despite their friendship.
Battle of Changban
After Liu Biao died in 208, his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him as Governor of Jing Province. When Cao Cao launched a military campaign that same year to eliminate the opposing forces in southern China, Liu Cong surrendered and handed Jing Province to him. Liu Bei and his followers left their fortress in Xinye County and headed further south towards Xiakou (now Hankou, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi and did not rely on Cao Cao's control.
Cao Cao personally led an elite cavalry force of 5,000 men to pursue Liu Bei. They pursued Liu Bei in Changban (south of Duodao district now, Jingmen, Hubei) and caused a devastating defeat of his troops. While Liu Bei left his family and fled, Zhao Yun took Liu Liu's son Liu Shan and protected Liu Bei's wife, Lady Gan (mother Liu Shan) during the battle and drove them to safety. He was then promoted to the rank of General Standard (????) for his efforts.
Earlier, after his defeat at Changban, Liu Bei heard rumors that Zhao Yun had betrayed him and defected to the side of Cao Cao. Refusing to believe in rumors, he threw a short ji onto the ground and said: "Zilong will never leave me." She was right when Zhao Yun returned to her moments later.
In the winter of 208-209, Liu Bei formed an alliance with Sun Quan warlords and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of the Cliff. When Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat, Liu Bei and Sun Quan advanced and conquered the Nan Commandery (now around Jingzhou, Hubei), which was once under Cao Cao's control.
As Administrator of Guiyang
Zhao Yun was later promoted to Lieutenant General (???) for his contribution to Liu Bei's conquest of four commanders in the southern Jing Province: Changsha, Lingling (around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan), Wuling (around Changde) this, Hunan) and Guiyang (??, around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan). After the arrest of Guiyang Command, Liu Bei appointed Zhao Yun as the new Administrator to replace Zhao Fan.
Zhao Fan has a widowed brother-in-law who is famous for her beauty. She wants to arrange for her to marry Zhao Yun to build a relationship with Zhao Yun. However, Zhao Yun rejected the idea and told Zhao Fan: "We share the same surname." Your sister is also like a sister to me. "
Someone else urged Zhao Yun to accept the marriage but Zhao Yun firmly refused and said: "Zhao Fan was forced to surrender because of the circumstances.The intention is vague and suspicious, and there are many other women in this world." Not long after, Zhao Fan fled, and Zhao Yun was able to avoid the relationship with him because he disagreed with his marriage.
Keeping Jing Province
Around 211, Liu Bei led western forces to Yi Province (covering Sichuan and Chongqing today) to assist provincial governor Liu Zhang in the fight against rival warlord Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. Zhao Yun and others remain behind to guard Jing Province.
One time in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's sister, Lady Sun, to strengthen Sun-Liu's alliance. Lady Sun also lived in Jing County when Liu Bei went to Yi Province. Because of the strong influence of his brother, Lady Sun is arrogant and he often lets his close aides behave disobediently as well. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun was a serious and regular person, so he placed Zhao Yun in charge of internal affairs in Jing Province when he left. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had gone to Yi Province, he sent a ship to pick up his sister at home. Lady Sun tried to bring Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with him, but Zhao Yun and Zhang Fei led their men to stop him and take Liu Shan.
Yi County Conquest
Liu Bei and Liu Zhang were friends with each other at first, but the tension between them gradually increased to the point of armed conflict around the end of 212. Liu Bei was originally stationed at Jiameng Pass in the current Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan), where he helped Liu Zhang defend the area from Zhang Lu. However, he turned against Liu Zhang later and attacked him. He orders Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead reinforcements from Jing Province to Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu stays behind to defend Jing Province.
Reinforcements marched along the Yangtze River and conquered commanders and districts in the surrounding area. When they arrived in Jiangzhou (now in Chongqing), Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun to lead a separate army to attack the Jiangyang Commandery (around Neijiang, Sichuan) and take an alternative route, and then meet with Liu Bei and the other soldiers in outside the capital of Yi Province, Chengdu. In 214, Liu Zhang released the resistance and surrendered to Liu Bei, who controlled Yi Province. Zhao Yun was appointed General of the Army (????).
After taking Yi Province, Liu Bei held discussions on how to distribute households in Chengdu and out-of-town fields among his followers as he wanted to reward them for their efforts in the campaign. Zhao Yun objected:
"In the past, Huo Qubing said that there is no home until Xiongnu has been eliminated The enemies of the country in our time not only include Xiongnu, so we should not be complacent Just when the Empire has been completely calm and people have returned to their peaceful lives, can we really enjoy ourselves.The war in Yi Province has just ended, so the people in this province should have their land and their homes back to them.For now, people should be allowed to continue their livelihoods in peace, and then we can impose taxes and conscription on them in this way, we will get their support and support. "
Liu Bei considers Zhao Yun's advice.
Battle of the Han River
In 217, Liu Bei launched the Hanzhong Campaign to rule Hanzhong's Command of Cao Cao because Hanzhong was the northern gateway to Yi Province. General Liu Bei, Huang Zhong killed General Xiahou Yuan Cao Cao at the Battle of Dingjun Mountain 218-219.
After the defeat of Xiahou Yuan, Huang Zhong heard that enemy troops were transporting food supplies around him so he led detachment troops to attack the convoy and seize supplies. When Huang Zhong did not return to camp on time, Zhao Yun led dozens of horsemen in search of Huang Zhong.
At that time, Cao Cao had sent his troops to attack Liu Bei's position. Zhao Yun confronts Cao Cao's vanguard and engages them in battle until Cao Cao's main army appears and surrounds him. Though most likely, Zhao Yun attempted to charge and break through enemy formations and alternate between fight and retreat. Cao Cao's troops reunited, returned to the formation and surrounded Zhao Yun. With no choice, Zhao Yun had to fight out and return to the camp. During the battle, Zhao Yun's deputy Zhang Zhu (??) was injured but Zhao Yun turned around, rescued her and took her back to the camp.
Cao Cao's army pursued Zhao Yun as he retreated back to his camp. After seeing the enemy approach, Zhao Yun's subordinate, Zhang Yi wants to close the camp gates and get troops to defend their positions. However, Zhao Yun ordered that the gates be opened, all flags and banners hidden, and the drums of war should be silenced thus creating the illusion of an empty camp. Cao Cao's forces thought that there was an ambush inside Zhao Yun's camp so they retreated. As they retreat, Zhao Yun launches a counterattack and his men strike the war drums aloud and fire arrows at the enemy. Cao Cao's army was shocked and thrown into chaos. Some of them trampled on each other as they panicked and fled, while many of them fell into the Han River and drowned.
The next day, when Liu Bei came to check Zhao Yun's camp and survey the battlefield, he said: "Zilong is full of courage." He then throws a party to celebrate the victory of Zhao Yun and they rejoice till nightfall. Zhao Yun was also given the nickname "General Macan Might" (????).
Battle of Xiaoting
At the end of 219, Sun Quan broke the Sun-Liu alliance by sending his LÃÆ'¼ Meng to launch a stealth invasion into Liu Bei territory in southern Jing Province while Guan Yu was at the Fancheng Battle against Cao Cao's forces. Guan Yu was then arrested in an ambush and executed on Sun Quan's orders when he refused to surrender.
Following Cao Cao's death in March 220, his son and successor Cao Pi captured the throne of Emperor Xian that year, ending the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the Wei state with himself as the new emperor. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established Shu state to challenge Wei's legitimacy. That same year, Sun Quan pledged his loyalty to Cao Pi and agreed to be a subordinate under Wei; in return, Cao Pi gave him the title of "King Wu".
Liu Bei holds a grudge against Sun Quan for losing Jing Province and wants to attack Sun Quan. Zhao Yun tried to persuade him by saying:
"The real enemy of the State is Cao Cao, not Sun Quan.We must eliminate Wei first, then Wu will surrender himself.Cao Cao is dead but his son Cao Pi has seized the throne You must follow the will of the people by conquering Guanzhong and then move across The Wei River to attack the dangerous villains The sages who live east of the Hangu Pass will surely welcome your army with supplies and horses.You should not ignore Wei for now and fight against Wu First.As soon as the war begins, it can not be stopped. "
Liu Bei disregarded Zhao Yun's advice and continued his efforts to take revenge by personally leading a military campaign against Sun Quan. He left Zhao Yun behind to guard Jiangzhou (??; in Chongqing now).
In October 222, Liu Bei suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting against Sun Quan forces, and was forced to retreat to Baidicheng in Yong'an (now, Fengjie County, Chongqing). By the time Zhao Yun appeared with reinforcements in Yong'an, Sun Quan's army had surrendered to chase Liu Bei and retreat back to Wu.
Services under Liu Shan
After Liu Bei died in June 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as Emperor Shu, with Imperial Chancellor Zhuge Liang serving as regent because Liu Shan was still a minor at the time. After his coronation, Liu Shan appointed Zhao Yun as Central Protector of the Army (???) and General Who Attacks the South (????), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Yongchang Village (????). He promoted Zhao Yun to the position of General Who Guards the East (????) later.
Battle of Ji Valley
In 227, Zhao Yun moved to the staging area at Hanzhong Commandery to join Zhuge Liang, who has mobilized military forces from all Shu in preparation for a large-scale military campaign against rival Shu state, Wei.
In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead the detachment of forces to Ji Valley (??) and pretend to attack Mei County (southeast of Fufeng area now, Shaanxi) via Xie Valley (??). Their mission is to distract and retain the attention of Wei Cao Zhen, while Zhuge Liang leads Shu's main force to attack Mount Qi (the mountainous area around the current Li County, Gansu).
Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi lost to Cao Zhen in fighting in Ji Valley because Zhuge Liang had given them a weaker army command while he led a better army to attack Mount Qi. However, Zhao Yun manages to gather his men into putting up strong defenses as they retreat, thus minimizing their losses.
After Shu's forces managed to retreat back to Hanzhong, Zhao Yun was relegated to the position of the Army Guard General (??) as punishment for his defeat at Ji Valley. During this time, Zhuge Liang asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi: "When our troops withdrew from Jieting, they were very irregular, but those who withdrew from Ji Valley orderly. Deng Zhi replied: "(Zhao) Yun personally leads the rearguard, ensuring our troops are withdrawing orderly and not leaving behind the equipment."
As Zhao Yun still has some silk left in his unit, Zhuge Liang wants to distribute it among the troops to boost their spirits. However, Zhao Yun disagreed: "The campaign failed, so why should the prize be given? Please save the silk at the official treasury now and share it among the people later on during the tenth month as a winter present for the winter." Zhuge Liang heeded Zhao Yun's advice.
Death and posthumous punishment
Zhao Yun died in 229 and was posthumously honored as "Marquis Shunping" ( ??? ; ShÃÆ'¹npÃÆ'ng hÃÆ'³u ) by Liu Shan in April or May 261.
During the reign of Liu Bei, only Fa Zheng received the posthumous. In Liu Shan's time, only three successive heads of government - Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi - received posthumous titles. Then, Liu Shan also posthumously respected Chen Zhi, whom he liked, and Xiahou Ba, a Wei general who defected to Shu. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun are also given a posthumous title by Liu Shan. At the time, it was a great honor for a person to receive a posthumous degree.
Emperor Liu Shan's decree to grant Zhao Yun title as posthumous: "Zhao Yun followed the Emperor of the End and he made a remarkable contribution: I am young and have many difficulties, but I rely on his loyalty and loyalty to get out of harm.I gave this posthumous name to him to recognize him for his noble service and also because there are others who advise me to do it. "
Name of posthumous title Zhao Yun was suggested by Jiang Wei and others - shun (? ; shÃÆ'¹n ; literally" obey/follow ") because he is virtuous and kind, ping (? ; pÃÆ'ng ; literally "peace") because he does his job according to standards and overcomes chaos, so shun and ping to "Shunping".
Family
Zhao Yun's eldest son, Zhao Tong ( ?? ; ZhÃÆ' o T? Ng ), serving as an officer at the huben (??) division of the imperial guard.
Second son Zhao Yun, Zhao Guang ( ?? ; ZhÃÆ' o Gu? Ng ), serving as Standard Officer (???). He accompanied Shu General Jiang Wei in his campaign against Wei, and was killed in action in Tazhong (northwest of Zhugqu County now, Gansu).
Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote the biography of Zhao Yun in Sanguozhi, commented on Zhao Yun as follows: "Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun are fierce and mighty warriors, like claws and teeth Are they Guan Ying and Tuan's successors Teng? "
In The Three Kingdoms
Many of Zhao Yun's actual exploits are dramatically dramatized in the 14th century Romance novel of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the novel, Zhao Yun is portrayed as a near-perfect warrior - one who has strong combat skills, unshakable loyalty to his master, extraordinary courage, keen intelligence, and calm charisma. These traits are often reflected in almost all modern material about Zhao Yun to this day.
See the following for some fictitious stories in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhao Yun:
- The Battle of Changban # In The Three Kingdoms Romansa
- Battle of Xiaoting # In the Three Kingdoms Romansa
In popular culture
Zhao Yun has been featured prominently in Chinese popular culture, literature, art and anecdotes. Zhao Yun has become a well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period, because folklore about his exploits has been inherited for centuries. He became a household name because of the popularity of the 14th-century historical novel of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Religion
Zhao Yun sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese temples and Tao in Henan, usually in partnership with Ma Chao.
Folklore
There is a Chinese folklore about Zhao Yun's death not mentioned in the 14th-century Romance novel of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In this story, Zhao Yun has never been injured in the previous battle so there is no scar on his body. One day, while he was bathing, his wife stabbed him with a sewing needle because of mischief. Zhao Yun began to bleed and eventually died of shock.
Movies and TV
The Hong Kong Film 2008 Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon is loosely based on stories related to Zhao Yun in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms historical novel . The film was directed by Daniel Lee and starred Hong Kong actor Andy Lau as "Zhao Zilong". Mainland Chinese actor Hu Jun plays Zhao Yun in John Woo Red Cliff, a two-part epic war film based on the Battle of the Red Cliff.
Famous actors who have played Zhao Yun in the television series include: Zhang Shan, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); (2010), and Lin Gengxin at God of War, Zhao Yun (2016).
Video game
Zhao Yun is one of the Five Generals of Tigers to be recruited by players in the NES RIM of Emperor's Fate.
Zhao Yun appears as a playable character in the Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He usually stands out on the cover of every title, and is most often used by developers in screenshots and other promotional materials for upcoming releases. She also appears in all installments of the Koei Romance strategy series of Romance of the Three Kingdoms .
The playable champion Xin Zhao in the multiplayer online game arena battleground of League of Legends is based on Zhao Yun. Zhao Yun also appears as a playable character on Lost Saga , Heroes Evolved , and Mobile Legends: Bang Bang .
See also
- List of people from the Three Kingdoms
- Empty Fortress Strategy
Note
References
Quote
Bibliography
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Three Kingdom Notes ( Sanguozhi ).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). Han Later Biography Dictionary to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD . Leiden: Brill. ISBN: 9789004156050.
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Three Kingdoms ( Sanguo Yanyi ).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Three Kingdom Records ( Sanguozhi zhu ).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian .
- Yi Zhou Shu .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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