Pink is a pale red color named flower of the same name. It was first used as a color name at the end of the 17th century. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most often associated with charm, modesty, sensitivity, softness, sweetness, childhood, femininity and romantic. It is associated with purity and innocence when combined with white, but is associated with eroticism and seduction when combined with purple or black.
Video Pink
In nature and culture
Maps Pink
Etymology and definitions
The pink color is named after the flowers, pink, flowering plants in the genus Dianthus, and comes from the edges of the flowers. The verb "to pink" comes from the 14th century and means "to decorate with hollow or potholes" (probably from German pinken , "to peck").
While the word "pink" was first used as a noun to refer to color in the 17th century, the verb "pink" continues to be reflected today as the name of a hand-held scissor that cuts a zigzagged line to prevent fraying called pinking scissors.
History, art and fashion
The color pink has been described in the literature since ancient times. In the Odyssey, written about 800 BC, Homer writes, "Then, when the morning child, the bearded dawn appeared..." The Roman poet also describes the colors. Roseus is a Latin word meaning "reddish" or "pink." Lucretius used the word to describe the dawn in his epic poem About Nature of Things ( De rerum natura ).
Pink is not a common color in Medieval fashion; nobility usually prefer a brighter red, like red. However, it appears in a female fashion, and in the religious arts. In the 13th and 14th centuries, in the works of Cimabue and Duccio, the children of Christ are sometimes portrayed in pink clothes, the colors associated with the body of Christ.
In the high Renaissance paintings, Madonna of the Pinks by Raphael, the son of Christ presents a pink flower to the Virgin Mary. Pink is a symbol of marriage, showing a spiritual marriage between mother and child.
During the Renaissance, the pink color is mainly used for the color of facial skin and hands. The pigment commonly used for this is called lightweight sinabrese; it is a mixture of red pigment called sinopia, or Venetian red, and a white pigment called Bianco San Genovese , or white lime. In his fifteenth-century book on painting, Il Libro Dell'Arte , Cennino Cennini describes it this way: â € Å"This pigment is made of the most beautiful and lightest sinopia found and mixed and contemplated by St. White John, as it is called in Florence, and this white is made of whiteness that is completely white and completely purified. And when these two pigments have really been contemplated together (ie, two parts of cinabrese and three white), make small bread "They like half a walnut and let it dry When you need it, take plenty of it And this pigment is great if you use it to paint faces, hands and naked on the walls... "
18th century
The pink peak is the 18th century, when pastel colors become very fashionable in all European courts. Pink was primarily championed by Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764), the lady of King Louis XV of France, who wore a combination of pale blue and pink, and had a special pink color made for her by the Sevres porcelain factory, made by adding blue shades, black and yellow.
While the pink color is quite clear the color of seduction in portraits made by George Romney of Emma, ​​Lady Hamilton, future nominee of Admiral Horatio Nelson, at the end of the 18th century, it has a completely different meaning in portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton painted by Thomas Lawrence in 1794. In this painting, it symbolizes childhood, innocence and tenderness. Sarah Moulton was only eleven when the picture was painted, and died the following year.
19th century
In the 19th century England, pink ribbons or decorations were often worn by boys; boys are only considered small men, and while men in England wear red uniforms, boys wear pink. Even clothing for children in the 19th century is almost always white, because, before the invention of chemical dyes, clothing of any color will quickly fade when washed in boiling water. Queen Victoria was painted in 1850 with her seventh child and her third son, Prince Arthur, who wore white and pink. At the end of the nineteenth century France, Impressionist painters working in pastel palettes sometimes portray women in pink colors, such as Edgar Degas's picture of ballet dancers or Mary Cassatt's pictures of women and children.
20th century - now
In the 20th century, the pink became bolder, brighter, and firmer, partly due to the discovery of a chemical dye that did not fade. The pioneer in the creation of new pink waves was Italian designer Elsa Schiaparelli, (1890-1973) who was aligned with the surrealist movement artists, including Jean Cocteau. In 1931 he created a new color variation, called the surprising pink, made by mixing magenta with a little white. He launched a perfume called Shocking, sold in bottles in the shape of a woman's body, said to be modeled on Mae West. The clothing, designed with artists like Cocteau, features a new pink color.
In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi concentration camp convicts accused of homosexuals were forced to wear pink triangles. Therefore, the pink triangle has become a symbol of the modern gay rights movement.
The transition to pink as a sexually distinguishing color for girls occurs gradually, through selective market processes, in the 1930s and 40s. In the 1920s, some groups have described the pink color as a masculine color, which is equivalent to the red that is considered for men, but lighter for boys. But stores continue to find that people are increasingly choosing to buy pink for girls, and blue for boys, until this became the accepted norm in the 1940s.
The inauguration of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953 when Eisenhower's wife Mamie Eisenhower wore a pink dress because her first dress was considered an important turning point for the pink association as a color associated with women. Mamie's intense interest in pink causes the public association to be a pink color "worn by an elegant woman". The 1957 American Musical Funny Face also plays a role in strengthening the color relationship with women.
Pink Pink Think writer Lynn Peril has dubbed Hollywood moviestar 1960s Jayne Mansfield "The Pink Protector of Pink Thought." Mansfield, which has everything in color, includes a pink Jaguar and a house on Sunset Boulevard named "Pink Palace," uses pink as a "visual sten for his ideas about female femininity and sexuality."
Contemporary artists, museums and publications often include pink in their works and exhibits. Turkish artist Tomur AtagÃÆ'¶k references Ingres' La Grande Odalisque in his book Hommage to Ingres I and II (1985), as well as ancient Egyptian Art in Artemis of Ephesus (1997). Other female artists who use pink include Sylvie Fleury, whose installations such as First Spaceship on Venus (1996) offer a pink criticism in consumer culture, and Louise Bourgeois, whose Natural Studies series uses pink to suggest a meat tone in the form of a statue. Pink Project: Table is part of installation by Portia Munson that has been exhibited at New Museum, New York, as part of the Bad Girls Exhibition in 1994, and at Frieze in 2016. The installation consists of four long tables meters covered by a collection of Munson's pink consumer goods, mostly from the late 20th century. Munson began his collection in the 1980s as a pure appreciation of color while also striving to keep paying attention to consumerism, the role of gender played by colors like pink and blue, and the human need to collect and throw away.
Many of Franz West's aluminum statues are often painted bright pink, for example SexualitÃÆ'¤tssymbol (Symbol of Sexuality). The West says that the pink was meant as a "call for nature".
The 1972 Womanhouse installations run by Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro with the Feminist Art Program at the California Art Institute include a fully painted kitchen in "store-bought pink". The room was designed by Robin Weltsch and Susan Frazier with the motive of Vicki Hodgett Eggs to Breasts that stuck to its walls. According to Schapiro, the room was meant to generate pregnancy and household ideas by using pink as a "consciousness raising motif." The following year, in 1973, Sheila Levrant de Bretteville created "Pink," a broad side (posters) intended to explore the idea of ​​gender related to the pink color, for the American Institute of Graphic Arts exhibition on color. This is the only entry about pink. Various women including many at the Feminist Studio Workshop at the Woman Building send out entries exploring their relationship with color. De Bretteville arranged paper boxes to form a "blanket" from which posters were printed and distributed throughout Los Angeles. He is often called "Pinky" as a result.
In 2005, the international exhibition of Rosa - The Exposed Color: Pink opened at Tokyo National Art and Music University. From October 2013 - March 2014, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, held an exhibition titled Think Pink to coincide with Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October. The exhibits include clothing, graphic illustrations, and paintings that explain the importance of social colors since the 18th century.
Pink Color: The Color Involved in Contemporary Art and Culture is a book published in 2006 by Barbara Nemitz in collaboration with Hideto Fuse, Karl Schawelka, and Thomas von Taschitzki. Most of the images used in the book were collected by Nemitz for over 20 years, beginning in the late eighties, after he realized the effects that pink people have on their own. The selected images show the various ways used by the pink in advertisements, fashions, artwork, and everyday life. The book is divided into sections, each with the writings of different collaborators who talk about the pink in relation to their life and research. Karl Schawelka writes about pink in relation to biology, sexuality, and cultural relevance around the world. Hideto Fuse highlighted the pink role in Japanese art and culture. Thomas von Taschitzki also gives an overview of the use of pink in contemporary art, followed by a large number of contemporary artists' drawings such as Willem de Kooning, Louise Bourgeois, Takashi Murakami and Paul Gauguin.
Christo and Jeanne-Claude's
Science and nature
Optics
Red is the only color whose lighter style has a different name, pink, than the color itself. In optics, the word "pink" may refer to the pale color of a red to a red to a red in color, light to medium, and low to moderate saturation. Although pink is generally considered a red color, the color of most shades of pink is slightly bluish, and lies between red and magenta. Some variations of pink, like the color of salmon, leaning toward orange.
Why sunrise and sunset sometimes look pink
When sunlight shines on the atmosphere, some colors are scattered out of the rays by air molecules and particles in the air. This is called Rayleigh scattering. Colors with shorter wavelengths, such as blue and green, spread more strongly, and are ejected from the light that eventually reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is the longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the orange wavelength, red and pink light. The rest of the pink sunshine can also be scattered with droplets of clouds and other relatively large particles, which provide the sky above the pink or reddish light horizon.
Geology
Biology
Why be cooked, cured ham, steamed shrimp and pink salmon
Raw beef is red, because the vertebrate animal muscles, like cows and pigs, contain a protein called myoglobin, which binds to oxygen and iron atoms. When the beef is cooked, the myoglobin protein undergoes oxidation, and gradually turns from red to pink to brown; ie from rare to moderate to complete. Pork contains less myoglobin than beef and therefore less red; when heated, it turns from pink to pink to brown or white.
Ham, although it contains myoglobin like beef, undergoes a different transformation. Traditional hams, such as prosciutto, are made by taking a hind leg or a pig's thigh, covering it with sea salt, which removes the moisture content, and then let it dry or heal for two years. Salt (sodium nitrate) allows ham to retain its original pink color, even when dry. The ham supermarket is made by a different and faster process; they are salted, or impregnated with a brine solution, containing sodium nitrite, which transfers nitric oxide, which binds with myoglobin to form a traditional pink ham color.
Shells and crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp contain pink carotenoid pigments called astaxanthin. Its shell, turquoise, turns pink or red when cooked. Salmon meat also contains astaxanthins, which make it pink. Cultivated salmon are sometimes given these pigments to increase their pink color, and are sometimes also used to improve the yolk color.
Plants and flowers
Pink is one of the most common flower colors; it serves to attract insects and birds needed for pollination and may also to prevent predators. The color comes from a natural pigment called anthocyanin, which also gives the pink color to raspberries.
Pigments - Pinke
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, the pink color is the color most closely related to charm, decency, sensitivity, softness, sweetness, tenderness, childhood, feminine, and romantic. Despite not having a strong negative association in this survey, some respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink is the favorite color of only two percent of respondents, compared with forty-five percent who chose blue. Pink is the least favored color of seventeen percent of respondents; the only unfavorable color is brown, with twenty percent. There are striking differences between men and women; three percent of women choose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to correctly identify pink, confusing with lilac. Pink is also more popular among people older than younger ones; twenty-five percent of women under the age of twenty-five are called the least favorite pink, compared with just eight percent of women over fifty. Twenty-nine percent of men under the age of twenty-five say pink is their least favorite color, compared with eight percent of men over fifty.
In Japan, pink is the color most often associated with spring because of the blooming cherry blossoms. This is in contrast to surveys in the United States and Europe where green is the color most associated with spring.
Pink in other languages ​​
In many languages, the word for pink is based on the name of the rose; such as roses in French; roze in Dutch; rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (Nynorsk and BokmÃÆ' Â l); rozoviy in Russian; rÃÆ'³? owy in Polish; and ????? ? gulabi in Urdu (and in English 'roses' too, often referring to the flowers and colors).
In Denmark, Faroe and Finland, the pink color is described as lighter reds: lyserÃÆ'¸d in Denmark, ljÃÆ'³sareyÃÆ' Â ° ur in Faroe and vaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all means "bright red". In Icelandic, the color is called bleikur , which originally means "pale".
In Japanese, the traditional word for pink, momo-iro ( ???? ) , takes its name from the peach flower. There is a separate word for the cherry blossom color: sakura-iro . In a few words based on the English version, pinku ( ??? ) , already start to use.
In Chinese, the pink color is named with the compound noun ??? , which means "red powder" in which the powder refers to the substance used for the female make-up.
Idioms and expressions
- Pink . Being in top condition, in good health, in good condition. At Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio said; "I'm very polite." Romeo: Pink for flowers? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump flowered well. "
- To see a pink elephant means to hallucinate alcoholism. The phrase was used by American novelist Jack London in his book John Barleycorn in 1913.
- Pink Slip . To be given a pink slip means being fired or dismissed from work. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
- The phrase "pink collar workers" refers to people who work in jobs that are conventionally perceived as "women's work".
- Pink, pink pink or pink dollar is an economic term that refers to the power of LGBT community spending. Advertising agencies sometimes refer to the gay market as a pink economy .
- Pink flower means very happy.
Architecture
Early pink buildings are usually built of bricks or sandstone, which picks a pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - houses and pink churches were built all over Europe. A more modern pink building usually uses pink to look exotic or to attract attention.
Food and beverage
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors that is strongly associated with a particular aroma, the rose. Many strawberry and raspberry foods are pink and pink, too, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more often dark red (although raspberry-scented foods, especially in the United States, are often blue as well). The drink tab is packaged in a pink can, perhaps to unconsciously convey a sweetness.
The pink in most packaged and processed foods, ice cream, sweets and pastries are made with artificial food colorings. The most common pink coloring dye is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, organoiodin compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a synthetic red cherry. Usually listed on the packaging label as E-127. Another common red or pink (especially in the United States where erythrosine is less commonly used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects from the family Dactylopius coccus.
Gender
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with women, whereas blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender markers just before World War I (for women or men), and pink was first established as a marker of the sex of women in the 1940s. In the 20th century, practices in Europe varied from one country to another, with some colors defined on the basis of baby skin, and others assigned pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.
Many have noted pink associations opposite to boys in the 20th century America. An article in the trade publication of the Earnshaw Department of Infants in June 1918 said:
Commonly accepted rules are pink for boys, and blue for girls. The reason is the pink color, to be a firmer and stronger color, better suited for boys, while blue, which is smoother and petite, more beautiful for the girl.
One of the reasons for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys is the discovery of new chemical dyes, which means children's clothing can be mass produced and washed with hot water without fading. Before this time, most of the young children of both sexes wore white clothing, which could be washed frequently. Another factor is the popularity of blue and white sailor clothing for young boys, a fashion that began in the late 19th century. Blue is also the usual school uniform color, for boys and girls. Blue is associated with seriousness and learning, while pink is associated with childhood and tenderness.
In the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity but at a "not as rigid or universal" level as it later became.
One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups liked the blues on top of other colors, but women had better responses to the reddish-purple spectrum range and men had a better response to the greenish-green spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults, and both groups preferred blues, and the response to pink color was never even tested, the popular press represented the study as an indication of women's innate preference for pink. Reading errors have often been repeated in market research, strengthening the American cultural association of pink with girls on the basis of innate characteristics imaginable.
In 2008 various feminist groups and Breast Cancer Awareness Months used pink to convey women's empowerment. Breast cancer charities around the world have used colors to symbolize support for breast cancer patients and raise awareness of the disease. The main tactics of this charity are encouraging women and men to wear pink to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink melambangkan "sambutan hangat" di India dan maskulinitas di Jepang.
Mainan
Toys intended for girls are often displayed prominently on the packaging and toys themselves. This is a relatively new trend, with toys from the 1920s to the 1960s unaffected by color (though they were gendered by a focus on domestication and parenting). The current color-based toy gendering can be traced back to deregulation of children's television programs. These allowed toy companies to produce gigs designed specifically to sell their products, and gender is an important differentiator of these events and the toys they advertise. Sociologist Elizabeth Sweet argues that toy companies began to emphasize the use of color-coded marketing and separation of toys in the 1980s:
I think it happens very gradually, not until the late 2000s, the 2010s, that people really start paying attention. Now it can not be denied anymore.
He said that it encourages a culture in which gender stereotypes determine the way of life for children. Color-based toy gender categorization is not driven by market trends, but with decisions made by toy company leaders. Gender by color allows companies to better define the target market and gender stereotypes attract young people who form their sense of identity.
Stores utilize gender-based compartmentalization as a means to help customers find what they're looking for, but Jess Day's campaign and the parent of the nonprofit Let Toy Toys state, "is driven by a big assumption about what might be desired child, "rather than experimenting and urging children to play with anything that interests them. In addition, studies have shown clearly the negative aspects of gender stereotyping. One study documented that more than 100 toys, all sex-encoded toys, were less likely to promote cognitive development than gender-neutral toys. On the one hand, children can be influenced to avoid certain career choices or just interests that are not in tune with their own, based on the gender of the toys they play. This is considered a major hazard exposing prejudice children at a young age, according to experts.
In the 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offers sales of pink model trains for girls. Steam locomotives and pink coal cars and freight cars from freight trains have a variety of pastel colors. The caboose was light blue. It was a marketing failure because every girl who might want a model train wanted a realistic colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink cart. However, today is a valuable collector's item. In 2011, The Lego Group launched Lego Friends, a product line devoted exclusively to the girls' toys market. The line uses many colors in pink, including Bright Pink, Dark Pink, and Magenta. The line is very successful, doubling sales expectations in 2012, the year after its launch. Sales for women tripled just that year.
Sexuality
As mentioned above, pink combined with black or purple is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.
- In the street slang, pink sometimes refers to the vagina.
- In Russian, pink ( ??????? , rozovyj ) is used to refer to lesbians, and light blue ( ???? ??? , goluboj ) refers to gay men.
- In Japan, the low budget genre, erotic cinema is referred to as pink movie ( ????? , Pinku Eiga ) .
Politics
- Pink, being a dilute red, is sometimes used in a condescending way to describe someone with a mild communist or socialist belief (see Pinko).
- The term little pink (???) is used to describe the young nationalists on the internet in China.
- The term
is sometimes used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his administration in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of 27 February and 13 March 2005, although more often called Tulip Revolution . - Feminist feminist party Feminist Initiative uses pink as their color.
- Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activist Medea Benjamin. The group has harassed Congressional hearings and denounced President Obama in his public speech.
- It is a common practice to color the British pink color on the map.
Social movements
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender.
- A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze ( roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in the UK, Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news services. There is a magazine called Pink for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) communities that have different editions for different metropolitan areas. In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
- In Ireland, the support group for Ireland Pink Adoption defines the pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for single gays, single lesbians, or same-sex couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have been adopted. It also includes adults born/raised in such families. This group welcomes input from others who are touched by adoption, especially people who are adopted as children and are now adults.
- Pinkstinks, a campaign founded in London in May 2008 to raise awareness about what they claim to be the damage caused by gender stereotypes in children.
- The Pink Pistols is a gay rights organization.
- The pink ribbon is an international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink is chosen in part because it is closely related to femininity.
Academic attire
- In the French academic dress system, the five traditional subjects (Art, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each represented by a distinctive color, appearing in the academic attire of the people who graduate in this field. Redcurrant, a very red pink color, is a distinctive color for medicine (and other fields related to health) fr: Groseille (couleur).
Heraldry
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in the emblem, but there are two unusual tincture which are both close to the pink color:
- The heraldic color of roses is a modern innovation, mostly used in the Korean emblem, depicting a reddish pink color like the so-called rose color.
- In the French emblem, carnation colors are sometimes used, according to the color of Caucasian white skin. It can also be seen as a pink color but is usually depicted slightly more brownish than a tinged rose.
Calendar
- In Thailand, pink is associated with a Tuesday on the Thai sun calendar. Anyone can wear pink on a Tuesday, and anyone born on a Tuesday can use pink as their color.
Press
Pink is used for newsprints from several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the colors are also linked to the press aimed at the gay community.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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