A transdermal patch is a patch of adhesive medicine placed on the skin to provide a dose of certain drugs through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, it promotes healing to areas of the injured body. The advantage of transdermal drug delivery routes over other types of drug delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides drug-controlled release to the patient, usually through a porous membrane covering the drug reservoir or through body heat melting the thin film of the drug embedded in adhesive. The main disadvantage of transdermal delivery systems comes from the fact that skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only drugs that are small enough molecules to penetrate the skin can be sent by this method. A wide variety of medicines are now available in the form of transdermal patches.
The first commercially available recipe patch was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in December 1979. The patch was administered scopolamine for motion sickness.
Video Transdermal patch
Popular use
- The highest-selling transdermal patch in the United States is a nicotine patch, which releases nicotine in controlled doses to help quit smoking tobacco. The first commercial steam patch available to reduce cigarettes was approved in Europe in 2007.
- Two opioid drugs used to provide relief all the time for severe pain are often prescribed in patches, fentanyl CII (marketed as Duragesic) and buprenorphine CII (marketed as BuTrans).
- Hormonal filling
- Estrogen patches are sometimes prescribed to treat menopausal symptoms (as well as post-menopausal osteoporosis) and transgender women as a type of hormone replacement therapy.
- the contraceptive patch (marketed as Ortho Evra or Evra) and
- CIII testosterone patch for men (Androde) and women (Intrinsa).
- Patches of nitroglycerin are sometimes prescribed for the treatment of angina instead of sublingual pills.
- Transdermal scopolamine is commonly used as a treatment for motion sickness.
- The anti-hypertensive clonidine drug is available in transdermal patch
- Emsam, a transdermal form of MAOI selegiline, became the first transdermal delivery agent for antidepressants approved for use in the US in March 2006.
- Daytrana, the first transdermal methylphenidate delivery system for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), was approved by the FDA in April 2006.
- Vitamin B12 may also be administered via transdermal fillings. Cyanocobalamin, a highly stable form of vitamin B12, is compatible with transdermal fillings.
- 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) can also be provided via transdermal fillings, launched in the UK in early 2014.
- Rivastigmine, an Alzheimer's drug treatment, was released in patch form in 2007, under the brand name Exelon
Maps Transdermal patch
Bad events
- In 2005, the FDA announced that they are investigating reports of deaths and other serious adverse events associated with drug overdose in patients who use Duragesic, a transdermal fentanyl patch to control pain. The Duragesic product label was later updated to add security information in June 2005.
- In 2007, Shire and Noven Pharmaceuticals, manufacturer of Daytrana ADHD patch, announced the voluntary withdrawal of patches due to problems with separating patches from its protective release liners. Since then, no further problems with patches or protective packaging have been reported.
- In 2008, two Fentanyl patch manufacturers, ALZA Pharmaceuticals (a division of Johnson & Johnson's major medical manufacturer) and Sandoz, later issued a patch version recall because of a production defect that allowed the gel to contain a drug to leak out of its pocket too fast, which can lead to overdose and death. In March 2009, Sandoz - now manufactured by ALZA - no longer uses gel in transdermal fentanyl patches; on the contrary, Sandoz branded fentanyl patches use a matrix/adhesive suspension (in which the drug is mixed with adhesive rather than held in separate pockets with porous membranes), similar to other fentanyl patch manufacturers like Mylan and Janssen.
- In 2009, the FDA announced a public health advisory warning about the risk of burns during MRI scans from transdermal drug fillings with metal backing. Patients should be advised to remove patches containing the drug prior to MRI scans and replace them with new patches after the scan is complete.
- In 2009, an article in Europace wrote a detailed story about skin burns that occurred with transdermal patches containing metals (usually as a support material) caused by shock therapy from external and internal cardioverter defibrillators. (ICD).
Components
The main components for the transdermal patch are:
- Liner - Protects patches during storage. Liner removed before use.
- Drug - The drug solution is in direct contact with the release liner
- Adhesives - Serves to paste components from shared patches by pasting patches on skin
- Membrane - Controls drug release from reservoir and multi-layer patch
- Backing - Protects patches from the outer environment
- Permeation Enhancer - This is a permeation promoter for drugs, which increases drug delivery.
- Matrix Filler - This provides bulk for the matrix as well as some fillers acting as a stiffening agent of the matrix.
Other components include: Stabilizer (anti oxidant), Preservatives etc.
Type
There are five main types of transdermal fillings.
Single-Drug Adhesive Layer
The adhesive layer of this system also contains medications. In this type of patch, the adhesive layer not only serves to link the various layers, along with the entire system to the skin, but is also responsible for releasing the drug. The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and backing.
Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive
The multi-layer drug-in-adhesive patch is similar to a single-layer system; Different multi-layer systems, however, therefore add another layer in the adhesive, usually separated by the membrane (but not in all cases). One layer is to immediately release the drug and the other layer is to control the release of the drug from the reservoir. This patch also has a temporary liner layer and permanent support. The drug release from this depends on membrane permeability and the diffusion of drug molecules.
Reservoir
Unlike single-layer and multi-layer drug-in-adhesive systems, the reservoir transdermal system has a separate drug layer. The drug layer is a liquid compartment containing a drug solution or suspension separated by an adhesive layer. The drug reservoir is fully packed in a shallow compartment formed from an impermeable waterproof metallic plastic laminate, with a rate control membrane made of polymers such as vinyl acetate on one surface. This patch is also supported by the backing layer. In this type system the rate of discharge is a zero order.
Matrix
The matrix system has a drug layer of semisolid matrix containing a drug solution or suspension. The adhesive layer in this patch surrounds the drug layer, partially overlaying. Also known as a monolithic device.
Patch Vapor
In the steam patch, the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere to various layers together but also to release the steam. Steam patch releases essential oils up to 6 hours and is mainly used for decongestion. Other steam patches on the market improve sleep quality or aid in quitting smoking.
Setup aspect
Transdermal patches are classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as a combination product , which consists of medical devices that are combined with drugs or biological products that the device is designed to deliver. Prior to sale in the United States, any transdermal patch products must apply and receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration, which demonstrates their safety and efficacy for their intended use.
References
Further reading
- "Transderm Sc? p" (PDF) . Administration of Food and Drugs. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) in 2007-08-10 . Retrieved 2007-02-12 .
External links
- PlastoPharma
- The 10th US-Japan Symposium on Drug Delivery System
- ProSolus Pharmaceuticals - Transdermal development and manufacturing
- Use Secure Skin Patch Drugs
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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